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The neurology It encompasses all diseases of the brain and nervous system. A distinction is made between neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
By definition, it is a neurological diseases, if the following body structures are affected: brain, sensory organs, spinal cord, peripheral nerves (including nerve roots and muscles), blood vessels of the nervous system, and the immune and hormonal systems, provided the disorder is based in the nervous system.
The most common neurological diseases include u.aStroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), meningitis, epilepsy, migraine, polyneuropathy and brain tumors.
Neurodegenerative diseases Neurodegenerative diseases are a collective term for a range of illnesses that primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. Neurons are the building blocks of our nervous system. Because they do not reproduce, the body cannot replace them if damaged.
Neurodegenerative diseases are therefore generally incurable diseases that lead to progressive degeneration and/or the death of nerve cells. This results in problems with movement (such as Parkinson's disease) or cognitive function (dementia, with Alzheimer's disease accounting for approximately three-quarters of all dementia cases).
THE OVERALL CONCEPT OF NEUROLOGY
A) NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
The neural network
At the heart of the neural network lies our brain. The human brain is the most complex organ that nature has ever produced: 100 billion nerve cells and many times that number of contact points give it abilities that no supercomputer has yet been able to match.
Our human brain consists of different brain cells. The most important and most common brain cells are nerve cells, also called neurons.
A nerve cell (so-called "neuron") consists of a cell body and nerve fibers – an extensive extension (so-called "axon") to send out impulses, and usually many branches (so-called "dendrites") to receive impulses. D.hThe nerve cells are interconnected.. Between the synapses is the so-called synaptic cleft. Information is transmitted between cells via Neurotransmitters (z.B. Serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine)
Every long axon in the brain and spinal cord is surrounded by oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system by lemnocytes. The membranes of these cells consist of a fat-protein compound (so-called lipoproteins) called myelin. The membranes are tightly wrapped around the axon, forming a multilayered sheath. This myelin sheath functions similarly to the insulation of an electrical cable. Nerve impulses travel much faster in nerves surrounded by a myelin sheath than in those without.
Due to the powerful performance of our supercomputer "brain", it requires large amounts of energy. Our brain alone accounts for approximately 20% of our total energy needs! Cellular energy (ATP) is produced by our mitochondria, the so-called "powerhouses" of our cells. If the mitochondria no longer function properly, this is called mitochondrial dysfunction – and our brain also loses performance as a result.
To avoid this, an adequate supply of micronutrients to the mitochondria must be ensured, such as R-alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, NADH and cofactors (v.a. B vitamins)Since a kind of controlled oxyhydrogen reaction takes place in the mitochondria, in which oxygen is burned (with macronutrients as "fuel"), a sufficient blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to the brain to ensure. Here, they provide ginkgo biloba and L-Arginine important services.
Chronic inflammation (where, for example, autoimmune reactions play a central role), stress, environmental toxins, etc., as well as energy production in the mitochondria, constantly generate Free radicals, which can damage tissues such as our brain.. Neutralizing these free radicals is the task of antioxidants. Particularly powerful antioxidants include, for example, astaxanthin, OPC from grape seed extract, glutathione, and vitamins C and E..
B) NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, special requirements apply to:
- Avoid
- Postpone the start
- Slow down the process
- Influence on all known risk factors (synergistic effects!)
- Regenerative therapy (z.B. Stimulation of new neuronal formation)
… also because of:
- increasing life expectancy
- long latency (“early prevention and early detection”)
- high standards for quality of life
- high care costs
- and because of mostly unsatisfactory guideline therapy…
Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases have several overlapping causes (“multifunctional diseases”):
- Genetics, gender, age
- Unhealthy lifestyle (dietary mistakes, stress, lack of exercise)
- Oxidative stress and nitrosative stress
- Inflammation and disorders of kynurenine metabolism (Kynurenineis an amino acid that is part of the tryptophan breakdown to serotonin)
- Immunological problems (z.B. Infections with herpes viruses)
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Environmental and pollutant pollution (including nicotine, alcohol, medications, particulate matter, pesticides, metals)
- Disorders of the PNEI axis (psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunological)
- Misfolding of protein structures ("protein poisoning in the brain"), z.BAmyloid β/tau proteins in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease with simultaneous disruption of repair and disposal mechanisms (s.u.)
- Disorders of bowel function and blood-brain barrier ("leaky brain")
- Acid-base disorders
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain, so-called amyloid fibrils, is one of the primary causes of neurodegenerative diseases..
Protein misfolding occurs when polypeptides are unable to fold into a correct three-dimensional structure. This often results in toxic proteins, which, according to the latest research, are triggers for neurodegenerative diseases.
The body has its own protective mechanisms against misfolded proteins: firstly, enzymatically by so-called peptidasesPeptidases are enzymes that break down proteins or split them into reusable fragments.On the other hand through "cell recycling", also known as autophagyLysosomes then attach to these waste products, and their enzymes break down this waste into its individual components, making it reusable. Lysosomes are therefore also referred to as the "stomach" of our cells.
Unfortunately, this autophagy process doesn't work as well with age, so molecular waste accumulates in the cells and eventually impairs normal cell functions.Over the years, this cellular waste can then contribute to relevant age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
According to current knowledge, there are two ways to activate and improve autophagy:
- Through Limiting calorie intakeThis can be achieved through fasting or a sustained low-calorie diet. In times of food scarcity, the body activates autophagy to release nutrients from protein waste. As a side effect of this nutrient extraction, misfolded proteins and defective organelles are broken down. This aligns well with observations from numerous studies showing that calorie restriction in laboratory animals has extended lifespans and counteracted aging processes.
- Through the Use of so-called calorie restriction mimetics, which mimic the effects of a reduced calorie intake (= calorie restriction). Spermidine is an important representative in the group of calorie restriction mimetics and acts similarly to secondary plant compounds. Resveratrol from grapes and Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea.
Current research on the use of resveratrol and spermidine in neurodegenerative diseases:
Resveratrol
Resveratrol is able to activate the sirtuin enzyme even without caloric restriction.In a double-blind crossover study, overweight but otherwise healthy participants received either 150 mg/day of resveratrol or a placebo for one month. Metabolic changes were observed in the resveratrol group that also occur with calorie restriction. SIRT1 was activated, the fat content of muscle cells increased (where the fat was then burned), while fat in the liver decreased; the mitochondria in the muscle cells were more active, and blood sugar levels fell, as did systolic blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and inflammation markers (see [reference]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22055504/ ).
Resveratrol in Alzheimer's prevention: In a study lasting approximately one year, patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease received 0.5 g/day of resveratrol; the dose was gradually increased to 2 g (see [reference]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26362286/ The study showed that resveratrol can have an activating effect on the brain, for example, reducing inflammatory processes in the CNS (central nervous system) and improving blood flow in the brain. In patients with type 2 diabetes, 75 mg of resveratrol per week was sufficient to noticeably improve cognitive performance and blood supply to the brain (see [reference]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27420093/ ).
In another study, the administration of 250-500 mg per day to healthy subjects led to improved blood flow to the brain (see [reference]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20357044/ ).Administering 250 mg resveratrol plus 20 mg piperine over three days resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin levels (anemia is a relevant risk factor for dementia) (see [reference]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804871/ ).
Spermidine
In a small study, researcher M. Fischer succeeded in demonstrating that increased autophagy in brain cells improves memory. Furthermore, he discovered that T cells and cytokines act as important mediators in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. At high doses, spermidine downregulates all cytokines except IL-17A, promotes autophagy, and increases T-cell activation. [Fischer M et al.; Spermine and spermidine modulate T-cell function in older adults with and without cognitive decline ex vivo. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Jul 15;12(13):13716-13739].
Pekar's study found that spermidine, due to its influence on autophagy, triggers the removal of amyloid-beta plaques. It has a positive effect on dementia and leads to a significant improvement in cognitive performance in nursing home residents after just three months of use. [Pekar T et al.; Spermidine in dementia: Relation to age and memory performance. Wien Klein Wochenschr. 2020;132(1-2):42-46].
In 2020, Schwarz described how higher spermidine intake in older adults is associated with a larger hippocampal volume. He also observed greater mean cortical density and increased cortical thickness in brain regions susceptible to Alzheimer's disease, as well as in the parietal and temporal lobes. [Black C et al.; Spermidine intake is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in older adults. Neuroimage 2020;221:117132].
In an earlier randomized study from 2018, Schwarz already found that spermidine can protect against cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration. [Black C et al.; Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(1):19-33].
The German Society for Neurology now also recognizes the great potential of spermidine regarding its protective effect against dementia and states that current data suggest spermidine has a positive effect on brain function and cognitive abilities. These effects are currently the focus of the SmartAge study, which is being conducted under the direction of Professor Flöel. This study uses wheat germ preparations enriched with spermidine. [Diener HC; Brain-healthy nutrition: How food can protect against dementia; IWD-Informationsdienst Wissenschaften 2017].
ALZHEIMER'S/DEMENTIA
Causes:
- Genetics (z.B. Apolipoprotein E4)
- Traumatic brain injury
- Limited schooling
- Hyperhomocysteinemia (or disorders of the 1-carbon pathway)
- Hypertension, obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia (possibly questionable)
- NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor
- is activated by glutamate (glutamate can act as a neurotoxin)
- Increased calcium influx into the cell and formation of radicals.
- Overexcitation of the nerve cell with disruption of signal transmission and death of the cell ("excitotoxicity")
- Dysfunctions (z.BOxidative stress, immune disorders, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction)
- Micronutrient deficiencies (z.B.Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin D)
- Pollutant pollution (z.B(aluminium)
In the early stages, the progression of Alzheimer's disease can be slowed down by micronutrients. The patients' brains shrank 20% less than those of the control group. More importantly, their cognitive function declined 40 to 70% less over three years than in the untreated subjects.
Example recipe from the u.gStudy:
| DHA | 1200 mg |
(Source: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, 311 participants; Soininen H et al.; 36‐month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2021;17;29-40)
Medications can cause the death of brain cells. (u.a. as a result of intracellular deposition of beta-amyloid and the formation of tau fibrils) so far not stopA mixture of micronutrients (Omega 3 fatty acids, phospholipids, choline, B vitamins, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium), which are essential for the construction of cell membranes and support the formation of new synapses, It was already able to slow the progression of dementia and brain atrophy in 2 previous studies ("Souvenir I+II").In the LipiDiDiet study, it also had a positive impact on the two endpoints "physician's assessment of dementia severity" and "hippocampal volume on MRI." The earlier the intervention is implemented, the greater the benefit for the patient.
(Source: Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial over 24 months with 311 participants; Soininen H et al.; 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (LipiDiDiet): a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial; The Lancet Neurology 30.10.2017)
Recipe example with micronutrients:
| Active ingredients | dosage |
| Vit. C | 2.5-7.5 g |
| Vitamin E | 100-150 mg |
| Possibly.additionally: | 1 g |
- additionally L-arginine, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin D3, α-lipoic acid
- additionally Ginkgo biloba
- Oxygen inhalation during infusion (for intensive blood circulation promotion and optimization of energy balance)
Example prescription for phytotherapy:
| substances | Dose oral | Examples of use |
| sage | 2-3 g | Improves cognition and agitation |
| ginseng | 4.5-9 g | Improves cognition, promotes serotonin/catecholamines |
| Ginkgo biloba | 150-240 mg | Improves cognition, daily life, clinical assessment |
| Hypericum perforatum | 250-750 mg | Reduces β-amyloid, improves cognition and mood, |
| pomegranate | 1-1.5 g | May possibly prevent amyloid formation, has an antioxidant effect |
The neuroprotective effects are particularly noticeable on secondary plant compounds (z.BPolyphenols, iridoid glycosides, isothiocyanates, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins) and their effect on neurotropins (signaling molecules between nerve cells). These substances act z.BThey act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and possess antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Current research is inconsistent. Nevertheless, phytotherapeutic agents with a high content of neuroprotective phytochemicals should be tested in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and Huntington's disease).
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Progressive degenerative CNS disease with:
- Degeneration and death of dopaminergic nerve cells in the subsantia nigra/striatum
- Formation of Lewy bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in substantia nigra
- Extrapyramidal disorder with dopamine deficiency à Imbalance between dopamine, acetylcholine and glutamate
- Dopamine inhibits muscle contraction and stimulates the basal ganglia.
- Acetylcholine stimulates nerve contraction and suppresses basal ganglia.
- Glutamate increases intracellular calcium (overactivation of the subthalamic nucleus)
--&Alzheimer's disease
Causes:
So-called “idiopathic” Parkinson’s syndrome (approx. 75%):
- No additional causes recognized
- Dysfunctions (z.B.Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation) and micronutrient deficiencies are likely
Secondary Parkinson's syndrome:
- Vascular
- Post-traumatic (z.B(Boxer Muhammad Ali)
- Neuroleptic use (with dopamine antagonism)
- Taking calcium antagonists, metoclopramide or lithium
- Pollution z.BCO, pesticides, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (produced during the manufacture of synthetic heroin)
Possible points of application for micronutrients:
Note:
- Pyridoxal-(5)-phosphate (active B6) is a cofactor of the dopa decarboxylase DCC; it increases the activity of dopa decarboxylase and can weaken the effect of L-Dopa.
- Normal vitamin B6 levels are not a problem.
- In cans of &<5 mg can accelerate the conversion of levodopa to dopamine and reduce levodopa levels
- However, this effect does not occur when levodopa is used with DCC inhibitors (z.B. benserazide).
Prescription example for Parkinson's disease:
| Active ingredients | dosage |
| Vit. C | 2.5-7.5 g |
- individually additional vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids, R-alpha lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10 and secondary plant compounds
- Oxygen inhalation during infusion (for intensive blood circulation promotion and optimization of energy balance)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Causes:
- Chronic inflammation with degeneration of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes by T cells (and by excess glutamate)
- Genetics (increased vulnerability of CNS tissue)
- Autoimmune reaction and/or lack Immune tolerance
- Infection hypothesis (z.B. Herpes, Epstein-Barr, Chlamydia, Streptococcus mutans)
- Hygiene hypothesis (the more infectious diseases in childhood, the less MS)
- Vitamin D deficiency (and/or “vitamin D resistance” according to Coimbra)
- Oxidative stress, psychological stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, pollution
(Source: Munger KL et al.); Neurology 2004; 62; 60-65; Lassmann H; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003; 4; 11-15)
Possible points of application for micronutrients:
| Effects | Micronutrients |
| Immunomodulation | z.BZinc, selenium |
Recipe example MS:
| Active ingredients | dosage |
| Choline (-citrate/-chloride) | 600-1500 mg |
- Frequency of application: 2-4 times per week over several weeks
- Infuse choline slowly over 45 minutes while lying down and resting after the infusion.
- Rare side effects of infusion therapy: increased salivation, deepened breathing, feeling of warmth
- Contraindications include acute bronchial asthma, bradycardia, myocardial infarction, and Parkinson's disease.
- Note: Combination with oral omega-3 fatty acids, alkaline therapy; Ca-EAP (350 mg each) 3x2 orally on infusion-free days. Combination with Betaferon (interferon beta 1b) is also beneficial.
C) MENTAL ILLNESSES
The term “Mental health“This means that a person feels mentally and emotionally well. It's a kind of ideal state in which a person can fully realize their potential to cope with the burdens and stresses in their life. Mental health doesn't simply mean the absence of psychological stress or illness. There's no "all-or-nothing" principle here: most of us find ourselves somewhere in the middle between "mentally healthy" and "mentally ill" most of the time.”
Common reactions to psychologically stressful situations include feelings of sadness, anxiety, or intense inner tension. These symptoms disappear. i.d.R...after a certain period of time. If they persist longer or if further symptoms occur (panic attacks, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, etc.) and lead to increasingly significant problems in everyday life, those affected and their relatives should seek professional help.
The term mental illness encompasses various conditions that occur in varying degrees of severity. Mental illnesses can i.d.R. cannot be attributed to just one cause.For the creation, both biological factors (e.g. genetic predisposition, metabolic changes in the brain), family conditions (e.g. parents with depression) as well as stressful life experiences considered in the past (e.g. breakups, death of an important person).
Examples of mental illnesses:
- depression
- Hyperactivity (AD(H)D)
- autism
- Borderline
- schizophrenia
- Psychosomatic/Somatoform Disorders
- Stress and burnout
Depression ((The exhausted soul)
- Despite growing knowledge about depression, its rapid spread cannot be prevented.
- The modern living conditions The main factors now considered to be: overwork, existential worries, pressure to self-promote, stress and much more.
- This makes preventive (and therapeutic) countermeasures all the more important..
Source: PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, August 2006
Other theses:
- Disruption of the dopamine-serotonin balance
- Neurotransmitters such as serotonin influence a variety of molecular processes in the brain that combat depression. u.a. psychological disorders have an effect.
- They stimulate z.B. the neuronal plasticity (NP) on (the ability of nerves to form new connections). Substances that influence neuronal plasticity also include KetamineIt increases the release of Glutamate at the synapse, which also promotes NP.
- BUT: Depression does NOT (ONLY) arise from a lack of norepinephrine and serotonin. (SSRI B. increase serotonin within hours, which is why Effects occur quickly (would have to!)
- Pollution (z.B(Metals, pesticides, air pollutants, nicotine, alcohol)
- Cadmium increases the risk of depression
Source: Berk M et al.; Pop, heavy metal and the blues: secondary analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POP), heavy metals and depressive symptoms in the NHANES National Epidemiological Survey. BMJ Open. 2014; 4(7): e005142. - Lead increases the risk of depression
Source: Bouchard M et al.; Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in U.S. young adults. Arch Gene Psychiatry. 2009 Dec; 66(12):
1313–1319 - Pesticides increase the risk of depression
Source: Koh SB et al.; Exposure to pesticide as a risk factor for depression: A population-based longitudinal study in Korea. Neurotoxicology 2017;62:181-185. - Air pollutants increase the risk of depression and the use of antidepressants.
Source: Vert C et al.; Effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on anxiety and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study.Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017;220(6):1074-1080
- Cadmium increases the risk of depression
- Inflammation theory
- Energy deficit (mitochondrial dysfunction)
- Depression is a multi-functional illness!
Classical therapy:
In depression, signal transmission at the synaptic cleft is disrupted (due to a disturbance in the neurotransmitter (NTM) balance).
- Pharmacological ("antidepressants"): Slowing down neurotransmitter breakdown, inhibition of NTM reuptake or NTM removal from the synapse
- Changes in personality and metabolism
- Why not increase the intake of building blocks such as L-tryptophan and S-adenosylmethionine?
- Non-pharmacological:
- psychotherapy
- Work-life balance
- Stress management and self-confidence training
- Movement
- Nutrition
- Reduce everyday drugs (nicotine and alcohol)
Problems caused by the use of antidepressants:
The differences in efficacy are increasing for four new-generation antidepressants (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine and nefazodone). placebo with the severity of the depression:
You will find practically no differences in moderate depression, relatively small differences in very severe depression Differences that meet the criteria for clinical significance were only observed in patients with very severe depression scores at the upper end of the scale. The relationship between illness severity and antidepressant efficacy is more likely due to a reduced placebo response in severely depressed patients than to an increased effect of the medication.
Source: Meta-analysis of registration trials (35 randomized trials, including unpublished studies that were not voluntarily submitted by the manufacturers but obtained through legal action against the FDA). Kirsch I et al.; Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration; PLoS Med 2008; 5: e45)
HYPERACTIVITY/ADHD
Causes:
- Neurotransmitter dysfunction (especially deficiency or reduced effectiveness of dopamine: justification for the use of stimulants?)
- Psychological stress (including over- or under-stimulation, social situation)
- Energy deficits/Mitochondrial disorders
- Intestinal dysfunction (and imbalances in short-chain fatty acids)
- Food intolerances (v.aAllergies, fructose or histamine intolerance)
- Pollutant levels (z.BSalicylate and chemical intolerance, lead, aluminum)
- Nicotine abuse by the mother during pregnancy
- Low birth weight and premature birth
- Micronutrient deficiencies (z.BZinc, vitamin B6, iron, unsaturated (omega 3) fatty acids
- Overload with copper, phosphate and lead
Classical therapy
General (mainly lifestyle):
- Movement
- Nutrition including elimination and rotation diets for food intolerances
- Stress management and rest periods (z.B.(“media-free time”)
- Avoidance of everyday drugs (z.BNicotine (active and passive)
Special: Behavioral therapy
Pharmacological: stimulant psychotropic drugs (z.B. Amphetamine-like methylphenidate (“Ritalin”)
Source: SZ 11.2.2006
AUTISM
According to the WHO, it is a "congenital, incurable disorder of perception and information processing of the brain" (gene defect).
Classic symptoms:
- Developmental delays (lack of eye contact, speech disorders and lack of social skills)
- stereotypical behavior patterns
- no sense of dangerous situations
- low frustration tolerance
- barely perceive their surroundings
- Sleep disorders manifest themselves in very early waking up.
Examples of causes:
Often only appearing after birth (genetics only a partial aspect) à according to current knowledge, genetics only accounts for about 50%, the other ~50% are probably environmental factors, etc., such as:
- Pollutant levels (z.B. Lead)
- Metals or a dysregulation of elements have been discussed for some time as possible triggers for autism.
- In a twin study, children with autism spectrum disorder had, on the one hand, elevated concentrations of lead and on the other hand a Zinc and manganese deficiency in areas of their milk teeth that are formed during a perinatal developmental phase (intrauterine or in infancy).
(Source: Arora M et L:, Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism; Nature Communications
2017; doi: 10.1038/ncomms15493)
- Changes in neurotransmitter balance
- Bowel dysfunction (z.BDysbiosis, inflammation)
- Liver dysfunction
- Food intolerances
- Overactive immune system and history of infections
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Oxidative stress
- Low cholesterol levels
- Pre-existing and gestational diabetes
- Micronutrient deficiencies (z.BZinc and manganese deficiency
- Many similarities with ADHD
Classical therapy:
- Behavioral programs: B.Conditional behavior (operant-conditioning/discrete-trial therapies)
- Pharmacological:
- Trileptal (anti-epileptic drug oxcarbazepine)
- Zyprexa (atypical neuroleptic olanzapine)
- Ativan (oral or intravenous; benzodiazepine lorazepam)
- Remeron (antidepressant mirtazapine)
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
= BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) (is classified as an affective disorder)
- Unusual behaviors and feelings
- Rigid, inappropriate reactions in personal situations &social life situations
- Instability in social relationships, self-image (tendency towards self-endangering behavior) and mood (strong emotional outbursts)
- Symptoms of Neurosis and psychosis alternate from
Causes:
- Environmental factors (childhood trauma, experiences of abuse, air quality)
- Constitutional factors (exaggerated temperament)
- Interactions of 1 + 2 or triggering event (trigger)
Classical therapy:
Non-pharmacological:
- In the 1980s, the dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was developed. It is still the most scientifically validated treatment for borderline personality disorder.
- In addition, psychoanalysis, schema-focused therapy (SFT), mentalization-based therapy (MBT), or transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) are used.
Pharmacological: v.aNeuroleptics, tranquilizers and SSRIs
INNOVATIVE THERAPY
Psycho-mental health in general:
| Promoting | Inhibiting |
| oxygen | Oxygen deficiency |
| Optimal nutrition (micronutrients) | “Normal” diet and |
| Movement | Lack of exercise |
| relaxation | Unrest |
| Positive stress (avoiding stress) | Negative chronic stress |
| Sufficient sleep | Lack of sleep |
| Brain training, goals | Mental inertia |
| Avoiding drugs | Smoking, alcohol, other drugs |
| Finding oneself (cf. “soul, mood”) | discontent |
| Physical health | (Chronic) diseases |
| Medications (“brain boosters”) | medication (z.B.Blood pressure lowering medication |
a) General therapeutic approaches using micronutrients:
Orthomolecular medicine (OM) – unique selling proposition in optimization && Normalization:
- General and specific metabolic functions (Resource strengthening)), including redox, detoxification, immune and energy production systems, intestines
- Special Neurotransmitter balance and Stress hormone balance (“Psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunological axis”)
OM as a partner of "classical" therapy:
- Supports psychotherapies and makes patients z.B. more easily treatable with behavioral therapy (gets him out of a "metabolic slump" or "energy low")
- Provides serotonin precursors (5-HTP, tryptophan) and can reduce or replace SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors = antidepressants).
- Provides catecholamine precursor
- Incorporates lifestyle and stress management elements
b) Specific therapeutic approaches using micronutrients:
Use of key substances
- Treating energy and cofactor balance
- Detoxification (in case of pollutant exposure)
- Treating acid-base imbalance (subclinical acidosis)
- Strengthen antioxidants, inflammation and the immune system
- Neurotransmitters influence (dopamine and serotonin sites)
- Stress hormones are affected (normalizing cortisone or "adrenal fatigue")
- Optimize bowel function (v.a. Intestinal flora, barriers)
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction influence
- Release of stress hormones and neurotransmitters
- mental health and stress management
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- depression
- autism
- In turn, psychological disorders have a negative impact on the gastrointestinal tract (with changes in motility, gastrointestinal secretion, mucosal regeneration, intestinal microbiome composition and increased intestinal permeability) and promote diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction influence
Where it seems sensible, treatment of
- Histamine intolerance (z.B(Methionine, calcium additionally)
- Deficiencies in zinc and vitamin B (see "Kryptopyrroluria")
Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine functional axis:
- Dopamine supports memory performance (v.a. Ultra-short-term memory) and processing of learned information
- zinc It enhances the glycine response (glycine = inhibitory neurotransmitter) and is involved in redox and immune regulation.
- (Omega 3) fatty acids They are important structural components of the nervous system. They are essential for the function of the dopaminergic system, for intracellular signaling systems, for synapse formation, and for dendritic branching in inflammation regulation. They support the therapy of ADHD and similar conditions.
Phytotherapeutics influence serotonin metabolism and interact with serotonin receptors, z.B.:
- ginseng
- Roseroot/Rhodiola rosea (z.B.Rosarin, Rosavin)
- Ginger (gingerols)
- St. John's wort (hyperforin)
- Sage (Thujone)
- Passionflower (z.B. Chrysin and shaft toside)
- African black bean (z.B. 5 HTP, lectins, alkaloids)
An ideal complement to orthomolecular medicine, especially since their effect is also based on micronutrients (z.B. secondary plant compounds, vitamins, minerals).
Recipe examples
Depression:
| substance | dosage | Remarks |
| SAM | 400-800 mg | |
| Tryptophan | 0.5-3 g | |
| Folic acid | 500 mcg | improves the effect of fluoxetine |
| Omega 3 fatty acids | 1-6 g | It also improves the effect of antidepressants. |
| Melatonin | 0.3-3 mg | |
| zinc | 25 mg | |
| Vitamin B6 | 50 mg | improves serotonin supply |
| Vitamin B1 | 100 mg | Deficiency increases lactic acid levels in the brain. |
| Vitamin B2 | 200 mg | is important for glutathione supply |
| Vitamin B12 | 5-15 mcg | |
| Calcium | 800 mg | Especially important for seasonal depression |
| Vitamin D | According to Spiegel | Especially important for seasonal depression |
| magnesium | 400 mg | Deficiency often results from stress (increases depression) |
| iron | 30 mg | Iron deficiency often leads to depression. |
| Phenylalanine | 1-2 g | Precursor of noradrenaline (NA elevates mood) |
ADHD:
| substance | dosage | Remarks |
| zinc | 20-30 mg | A deficiency in essential fatty acids has a negative impact on mental development. |
Autism:
| Active ingredients | dosage |
| Vitamin C | 3 x 500-1000 mg |
- Optimize your diet (reduce sugar, alcohol, coffee, meat, and fast food)
- Optimize acid-base balance
- Vitamin B6, zinc and manganese (after testing for zinc and manganese and possibly kryptopyrrole)
Possible monitoring (and treatment) of:
- Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress
- Intestinal function, histamine, gluten and casein intolerance
- Pollution levels and detoxification capacity
- Vitamin D (rule out deficiency)
- Neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
Borderline:
| Active ingredients | dosage |
| Vitamin C | 3 x 500-1000 mg |