Essential oils

November 18, 2021from admin

Essential oils are volatile, aromatic compounds and the pure essence of plant extracts. The plants undergo a special distillation process in which the essential oil is separated from the plant material.

Essential oils as part of herbs and spices are something we encounter daily in everyday life: whether it's the cinnamon on the morning porridge, a cup of peppermint tea in the afternoon or the basil on the spaghetti in the evening – we are always consuming volatile essential oil compounds.

Diverse application possibilities

Essential oils are also used quite specifically in their concentrated form as dietary supplements and topically, d.hIt is applied to the skin. However, the most common form is inhalation, where the oil is inhaled via steam.

Essential oils are often used in cooking or baking as a substitute for fresh or dried spices and herbs – for example, to impart a particularly intense orange or lemon flavor to baked goods. However, they should be used very sparingly, as the aroma is significantly more concentrated and therefore more intense than that of conventional spices.

The addition of essential oils to drinks such as tea, smoothies, water or milk is also becoming increasingly popular.

When essential oils are ingested as part of food or in concentrated form as a dietary supplement, they enter the bloodstream via the gastrointestinal tract. Essential oils are fat-soluble, allowing them to be easily transported to all organs of the body, including the brain. Then, like everything else we consume, essential oils are metabolized by the liver and other organs and eventually excreted.

But the external, topical application of essential oils has also proven effective over many years. For example, adding a few drops of oil to a warm bath or using it as a hot or cold compress can be done by soaking a towel in water, adding essential oils, and then applying it to the desired area. Adding essential oil to a lotion or moisturizer, which is then applied to the skin, is another proven way to enjoy the benefits of essential oils. Of course, sensitive areas such as the skin around the eyes, the eyes and inner ears, as well as broken skin, should be avoided.

The biochemistry behind essential oils: health effects and connections

But in addition to the emotional component, which anyone who has ever come into contact with high-quality essential oil can immediately understand, there are also more and more scientific studies that address the health benefits of essential oils on a biochemical level.

The nose, with its approximately 350 olfactory receptors, naturally plays a crucial role in the perception of scents. Biochemically, the messenger molecule cAMP plays an important role, converting the odor information triggered by the olfactory receptors in the olfactory sensory cells into an electrical impulse that is transmitted to the brain via the central nervous system.

But odorant receptors aren't only found in the nose; they're present in all body cells, for example in fatty tissue, but also in organs like the lungs, heart, and kidneys, where they're not usually expected. Outside the nose, these odorant receptors have nothing to do with "smelling" in the true sense, so a term like "chemoreceptors" would be more accurate. When a molecule activates one of these receptors, it can stimulate the cells to release messenger substances, divide, or move.According to research by Professor Klatt from Ruhr University Bochum, these receptors also influence cell death – which could open up exciting possibilities, for example, in the context of cancer therapies.

Between 5 and 80 different types of odor receptors can be found in each tissue. These odor receptors control a variety of signaling pathways, which can have very different effects at the cellular level:

For example, a odorant receptor for violet scent in the pigment cells of the skin inhibits cell growth, while in the retina it can promote cell growth. Similarly, the odorant receptor for sandalwood can accelerate hair growth and wound healing, whereas it can inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells.

Fragrances that activate these receptors include not only those that enter the body through the skin, food or respiration, but also those produced by microbes in the intestines, bronchi or on the skin.

This finding, coupled with the fact that only 50 of the 350 odorant receptors found in humans are currently known, opens the door to entirely new therapeutic approaches for the future. Professor Hanns Hatt from Ruhr University Bochum explains:

"Further elucidation of olfactory receptors, which are abundant in human tissues, as well as the elucidation of their diverse effects and the associated activating substances, will open up previously unimagined possibilities for pharmaceutical treatment."

Their use in cancer therapy also appears promising, as olfactory receptors are often present in large quantities in cancer cells, and their receptor types can differ from those of healthy cells. Therefore, olfactory receptors could be considered as tumor markers in diagnostics. Professor Hatt also sees potential in therapy, particularly for tumors such as colorectal or bladder cancer, which are readily accessible to external odorants.

(Source: Lee, Sung Joon; Depoortere, Inge; Hatt, Hanns. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18, 116-138 (2019))

Current research on individual essential oils

Bergamot

The essential oil extracted from bergamot is used worldwide in aromatherapy to To relieve pain, facilitate falling asleep and/or minimize the effects of stress-related anxietyPreclinical pharmacological data show that bergamot essential oil (BEO) modulates specific neurotransmissions and exhibits a relaxing, anxiolytic effect. Several studies on essential oils point to a role for serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission in anxiety. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32283606/

Preclinical studies have recently shown that bergamot essential oil possesses remarkable neurobiological effects. It can influence synaptic transmission and has demonstrated neuroprotective properties. Bergamot oil is also frequently used in aromatherapy to minimize the symptoms of stress-related anxiety and mild mood disorders.

The following study investigated the endocrinological, physiological, and psychological effects of bergamot oil vapor inhalation in 41 healthy women using a randomized crossover study design. The volunteers were exposed to three experimental setups (rest (R), rest + water vapor (RW), rest + water vapor + bergamot essential oil (RWB)) for 15 minutes each. Saliva samples were taken and cortisol levels were measured immediately after each setup.

The cortisol level of RWB was significantly lower compared to the R-setup. The results of this study show that bergamot oil, in combination with steam, exerts psychological and physiological effects in a relatively short time.Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25824404/

The following study investigated the anxiolytic/sedative effects of bergamot oil in rats. Analysis of the data suggests that BEO induces anxiolytic/relaxing effects in animals performing behavioral tasks. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28398260/

Bergamot essential oil is increasingly being used in dementia therapy. Cognitive impairment is a serious, but not the only, problem in dementia: behavioral and psychological syndromes, known as neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, significantly reduce quality of life. These symptoms include anxiety, depression, wandering, delusions, hallucinations, misidentification, agitation, and aggression.

Aromatherapy shows positive results in controlling restlessness as one of the central symptoms. Dementia patients are often unable to verbalize pain, leading to unrelieved symptoms and contributing to restlessness. Bergamot essential oil provides extensive preclinical evidence for analgesic (d.h(Pain-relieving) properties. Incidentally, bergamot essential oil induces the anxiolytic effect typical of benzodiazepines without sedation. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284573/

Citronella

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever are a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Several reports of side effects from synthetic insect repellents, such as skin rashes, hives, and impaired brain function in children, are available in the literature. Therefore, natural insect repellents, such as essential oils, have recently been explored as an alternative. One such essential oil that has been extensively studied is citronella oil. This essential oil has demonstrated good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components, including citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol as its main constituents, which, in addition to its mosquito-repellent effect, contribute to various other activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, and wound-healing).

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30019646/

Eucalyptus oil

Cineole comes v.aCineole is found in eucalyptus and bay leaves and is perceived by humans via the olfactory nerve. At higher concentrations, it is also perceived via the trigeminal nerve – a cranial nerve that, for example, causes the burning and hot sensation when consuming chili and the cold sensation when consuming menthol, which also occurs upon contact with cineole. By activating the trigeminal nerve, also known as the "warning nerve," cineole makes one more alert and invigorated.

geranium

Geraniol comes v.aIt is found in roses and geraniums. It has a calming and relaxing effect, making us more serene. Biochemically, geraniol enhances the effect of the body's own neurotransmitter GABA, which u.aThis is crucial for initiating and maintaining sleep. Pharmaceutical sedatives such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates exert their effect in the same way, by binding to the corresponding GABA receptor.

Breast cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Chemoresistance and toxicity are the main factors limiting treatment success in aggressive cases of breast cancer. The following study investigated the potential effects of essential oils from frankincense, pine needle, and geranium on the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with these essential oils, and it was demonstrated that these oils suppressed cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Further data showed that essential oils of frankincense, pine needle, and geranium induced apoptosis but did not affect cell cycle progression. Consistent with in vitro activities, frankincense essential oil was effective in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells in a human breast cancer mouse model. Furthermore, these three essential oils modulated the activity of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study suggests that essential oils of frankincense, pine needle, and geranium may be involved in the progression of breast cancer cells via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115548/

COVID-19 has been declared the most severe global public health emergency in modern history. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a host cell receptor, has been found to play a crucial role in viral entry into cells. Therefore, ACE2 blockers may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. The following study investigated the ACE2 inhibitory activity of 10 essential oils. Among them, geranium and lemon oils showed significant ACE2 inhibitory activity in epithelial cells. Furthermore, immunoblotting and qPCR analyses also confirmed that geranium and lemon oils possess strong ACE2 inhibitory activity. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivatives are valuable natural antiviral agents that may help prevent SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 from entering the human body. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32575476/

Acinetobacter species are among the so-called "hospital germs" and are organisms that can cause purulent infections in any organ system. Their resistance to some antibiotics and their ability to produce biofilms contribute to their virulence. The aim of the following study was to determine the antibacterial properties of cinnamon, lavender, and geranium essential oils against Acinetobacter bacteria isolated from various clinical specimens and the hospital environment. The study concluded that these three essential oils are best suited for use in the control of infections caused by Acinetobacter bacteria as components of hygiene and disinfection formulations for the hospital environment. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25514231/

Immortelle && Lavender

Essential oils from lavender and immortelle are frequently used to treat a range of human ailments. The aim of the following study was to investigate the cytotoxic/genotoxic effects of lavender and immortelle oils on plant cells (Allium cepa) and human lymphocytes, as well as their antimicrobial potential against nine bacterial and fungal strains. The results confirm that essential oils from lavender and immortelle exhibited cytotoxic/genotoxic effects in both plant and human cells, as well as antimicrobial properties. Further studies are needed to substantiate these findings. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30607990/

lavender

Essential oils distilled from members of the Lavandula genus have been used for centuries for both cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils, much of it has long lacked scientific or clinical evidence.

Claims made for lavender oil include that it is antibacterial, antifungal, digestive (gentle muscle relaxation), calming, antidepressant, and effective for burns and insect bites.

However, there is now both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional use of lavender; Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12112282/

Example: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22517298/ This study suggests that inhalation of lavender essential oil may be an effective and safe treatment method for the acute treatment of migraine headaches.

Aromatherapy also represents a promising therapeutic alternative for alleviating depressive symptoms in patients with depression. Lavender essential oil has been the focus of clinical studies due to its positive effects on mood. An animal model of chronic administration of high-dose corticosterone to induce depression- and anxiety-like behavior and reduced neurogenesis was used to investigate the biological changes induced by aromatherapy. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Behavioral tests were conducted at the end of the 14-day treatment period. The results showed that treatment with lavender essential oil improved the depression-like behavior induced by chronic corticosterone administration. (Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30825591/)

A 2019 review that considered human clinical trials (n = 7), animal studies (n = 5), in vitro studies (n = 2), and previous reviews (n = 6) found faster wound healing rates, increased collagen expression, and increased activity of proteins involved in tissue remodeling in wounds treated with lavender essential oil. The current literature thus clearly indicates a potential therapeutic benefit of lavender essential oil in wound healing. However, standardization of the chemical composition and additional high-quality human clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of lavender essential oil in clinical practice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589447/

Aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil was also able to alleviate pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, further studies are needed to confirm these results. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27863613/

Lemongrass

The following study demonstrates a promising antifungal (antimicrobial) effect of lemongrass essential oil against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus niger. It concludes that lemongrass essential oil has remarkable potential for the development of medications to treat fungal infections and skin inflammations, which should be explored in future studies. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25242268/

Lemongrass essential oil is also used to repel mosquitoes. The following study investigated the spatial repellency effect of essential oils on the tropical yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and on local mosquito populations on the coast of British Columbia (Canada). In laboratory experiments conducted according to World Health Organization protocols, three of the tested essential oils proved to be effective against the yellow fever mosquito: cinnamon bark, lemongrass, and rosemary. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31143941/

mandarin

The effects of mandarin peel essential oil were investigated on the growth of two human tumor cell lines (pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 and hepatocarcinoma HepG2). The essential oil was obtained by cold pressing. The mandarin essential oil showed a strong dose-dependent effect on inhibiting the growth of the aforementioned tumor cell lines.The essential oil was more effective in A549 cells than in HepG2 cells. It is likely that minor components could have additive or synergistic effects. Therefore, mandarin essential oil could lead to the development of antitumor agents or complementary and alternative medications for treating various cancers. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22943501/

Orange

In the following study, the orange peel of 12 varieties of Citrus sinensis from central-eastern Sicily was used to obtain essential oils and extracts. Some were extracted by steam distillation, others by extraction in hexane. 54 components were identified in the steam distilled essential oils and 44 in the extracts. In all varieties, the main component is d-limonene (73.9–97%). Antimicrobial activity was investigated against three microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and confirmed for all variants of the orange essential oil. The essential oils 'Sanguinello' and 'Solarino Moro' are significantly active against L. monocytogenes, while the 'Valencia' hexane extract is effective against all tested microorganisms. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27535797/

The following study aimed to compare the effects of aromatherapy with lavender and orange essential oils on fatigue in dialysis patients. Ninety participants were randomly assigned to three groups: aromatherapy with lavender essential oil, aromatherapy with orange essential oil, and a control group. In each group, participants inhaled five drops each of lavender and orange essential oils. Results: The difference in mean fatigue levels before and after the intervention was statistically significant in each of the treatment groups, but not in the control group. D.hAromatherapy with lavender and orange essential oils can reduce fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31383445/

The following study showed that orange peel essential oil had a good dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 liver tumor cells and HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. When the concentration of the essential oil was 0.6 μl/ml or higher, the viability rate of both cancer cells was lower than 13%. The Transwell assay showed that the essential oil can inhibit the migration of both cancer cells at a concentration of 0.3 μl/ml. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30704118/

In the following study, an essential oil was produced by cold-pressing orange peels followed by molecular distillation. The anticancer activities of this orange essential oil, as well as some of its main constituents, were investigated using molecular therapy trials (MTTs). This orange peel essential oil showed a positive effect on inhibiting the proliferation of a human lung cancer cell line A549 and a prostate cancer cell line 22RV-1. Some of the oil constituents exhibited high anticancer potential and warrant further investigation. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28829378/

peppermint

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/

This study provides further evidence for the influence of essential plant oil aromas on aspects of perception and mood in healthy participants. One hundred and forty-four volunteers were randomly assigned to conditions of ylang-ylang aroma, peppermint aroma, or no aroma control.

Peppermint was found to improve memory, while ylang-ylang impaired it and slowed processing speed. Regarding subjective mood, peppermint increased alertness, while ylang-ylang decreased it, but significantly increased calmness.These results support the claim that the aromas of essential oils can have significant and idiosyncratic effects on both the subjective and objective evaluation of aspects of human behavior.

In the following study, essential oils of spearmint and peppermint (Mentha spicata/piperita) were pre-screened for neurotransmitter receptor binding and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study, 24 participants (mean age 25.2 years) consumed single doses of an encapsulated placebo and 50 µl or 100 µl of the most promising essential oil (peppermint with nicotine/GABAA receptor binding). Psychological functioning was assessed using mood scales and a series of standardized, cognitively demanding tasks before the dose and 1, 3, and 6 hours after the dose. Results: The highest dose (100 µl) of the essential oil improved performance on the cognitively demanding Rapid Visual Information Processing Task (RVIP) 1 h and 3 h post-dose, and both doses reduced fatigue and improved performance on the Serial 3 s Subtraction Task 3 h post-dose. Conclusion: Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil with a high menthol/menthone content improves performance on demanding cognitive tasks and reduces the increase in mental fatigue associated with prolonged cognitive task performance in healthy adults. Future studies should consider investigating even higher doses. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30087294/

rosemary

Rosemary essential oil is already used as a preservative in the food industry due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; however, it has been shown to possess additional health benefits. The aim of the following study was to evaluate the protective effect of rosemary essential oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats and to investigate whether its mechanism of action is associated with a modulation of hepatic oxidation status. Rosemary essential oil was found to exert hepatoprotective effects at doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg by reducing serum AST and ALT activities in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury by a factor of 2. Rosemary essential oil prevented the carbon tetrachloride-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, pretreatment with the investigated essential oil for 7 days significantly reversed the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in liver homogenates, particularly at a dose of 10 mg/kg. D.hThese results show that, in addition to its antioxidant capacity, rosemary essential oil also exerts its liver-protective effects by activating physiological defense mechanisms. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25002023/

sage

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32688401/

Sage is a biennial plant that is typical of the Mediterranean region and v.aClary sage is cultivated for its essential oil, which is widely used in the flavor and fragrance industry and in aromatherapy for its relaxing and immunomodulating effects. In the following study, clary sage essential oil was analyzed and its effects on pulse, blood pressure, and mood were investigated in healthy female and male subjects. Thirty-two participants, including 16 women and 18 men, inhaled the sage oil for 30 minutes (pure water served as a control). The observed decrease in pulse rate was significantly greater in women than in men (p = 0.026).

Tea tree oil

Tea tree oil is an essential oil steam-distilled from the Australian native plant Melaleuca alternifolia. This essential oil has been used in Australia for nearly 100 years, but is now available worldwide both as a pure oil and as an active ingredient in a range of products. The oil is extracted from the leaves of the tea tree through steam distillation and has a sharp camphoraceous odor followed by a menthol-like cooling sensation.

It has a minimal content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1,8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a key component of tea tree oil, exhibiting strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Several studies have suggested the use of tea tree oil for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and shows anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this plant compound. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22998411/

The main applications of tea tree oil have historically benefited from its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The following review summarizes recent developments in the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as its clinical efficacy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418522/

For acne treatment, see also: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25465857/

thyme

Thymol is one of the main components of the essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic properties. Native to the Mediterranean region, this plant is widely used as a culinary herb and also has a long history of use for various medicinal purposes. Today, thymol and thyme offer diverse functional possibilities in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Interest in formulating pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals based on thymol stems from several studies that have investigated the potential therapeutic applications of this compound for treating respiratory, nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as potential as an adaptogen (immunomodulator). These bioactivities have been discussed in the following review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29785774/

Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) belongs to the phenolic monoterpenes and is found primarily in thyme species. It is one of the main components of thyme essential oil. Both thymol and thyme essential oil have long been used in traditional medicine as expectorants, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, antibacterials, and antiseptics, mainly in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Recent studies have demonstrated their antibiofilm, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. New therapeutic formulations, such as nanocapsules containing these components, also show promise in medical practice and open up possibilities for their widespread use. The broader application of thymol and thyme essential oil in healthcare is very promising but requires further research and analysis.Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32917001/

The following study suggests that thyme oil and thymol may act as a promising antibiofilm agent against drug-resistant strains of Candida species: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32008964/

incense

The resin of the Boswellia species has long been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies and in medicine. Boswellia serrata is a medium to large branched tree of the Burseraceae family (genus Boswellia) that grows in dry mountain regions of India, North Africa, and the Middle East. Oleo-gum resin is extracted from incisions in the tree trunk and then stored in a specially made bamboo basket to remove the oil content and allow the resin to solidify. After processing, the gum resin is sorted according to flavor, color, shape, and size. In India, the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh are the main source of Boswellia serrata. The oleo-gum resins contain 30–60% resin, 5–10% essential oils soluble in organic solvents, and the remainder consists of polysaccharides. Gum resin extracts of Boswellia serrata have been used traditionally in folk medicine for centuries to treat various chronic inflammatory conditions. The resinous part of Boswellia serrata contains monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetracyclic triterpenic acids, and four major pentacyclic triterpenic acids: β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, which are responsible for inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes. Of these four boswellic acids, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid is the most potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme responsible for inflammation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22457547/

Gum resins obtained from trees of the Burseraceae family (Boswellia sp.) are important components of frankincense. Gum resins have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects. Furthermore, essential oil produced by distillation of the gum resin traditionally used in aromatherapy has been shown to exhibit tumor cell-specific antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities. The aim of the following study was to optimize the conditions for producing Boswellea sacra essential oil with the highest biological activity in inducing tumor cell-specific cytotoxicity and suppressing aggressive tumor phenotypes in human breast cancer cells.

Results: The essential oil of Boswellia sacra, produced by hydrodistillation at 100 °C, contained a higher concentration of high-molecular-weight compounds, including boswellic acids. All three human breast cancer cell lines were sensitive to treatment with essential oils, exhibiting reduced cell viability and increased cell death, whereas the immortalized normal human breast cell line was more resistant to treatment with essential oil. The Boswellia sacra essential oil hydrodistilled at 100 °C was more effective than the essential oil produced at 78 °C in inducing cancer cell death (T47D cells).

Similar to our previous observations in human bladder cancer cells, the essential oil of Boswellia sacra induces breast cancer cell-specific cytotoxicity. The suppression of cellular network formation and the disruption of spheroid development in breast cancer cells by the essential oil of Boswellia sacra suggest that the essential oil could be effective in advanced breast cancer.Future preclinical and clinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Boswellia sacra essential oil as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22171782/

Gum resins from Boswellia species, also known as frankincense, are used as a key ingredient in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of health problems. Both chemical frankincense extracts and essential oils produced from Boswellia gum resins exhibit antineoplastic activity and have been investigated as potential anticancer agents. The aims of this study are to identify optimal conditions for producing frankincense essential oil with potent antitumor activity and to evaluate this activity in both cultured human pancreatic cancer cells and a mouse cancer model.

Results: Longer duration and higher temperatures of hydrodistillation produced a higher frequency of high-molecular-weight compounds, including boswellic acids, in frankincense essential oil fractions. Human pancreatic cancer cells were sensitive to treatment with fractions III and IV (containing higher molecular weight compounds), exhibiting suppressed cell viability and increased cell death. All fractions of Boswellia sacra essential oil are capable of suppressing the viability of a range of human pancreatic cancer cell lines and inducing apoptosis. The efficacy in suppressing tumor cell viability with essential oil may be related to the greater abundance of high molecular weight compounds in fractions III and IV. Although the chemical components responsible for the cytotoxicity of tumor cells remain undefined, essential oil produced by hydrodistillation of Boswellia sacra gum resins could be a useful alternative therapeutic agent for treating patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237355/

The aim of the following study was to investigate frankincense essential oil for its anti-tumor activity and signaling pathways in bladder cancer cells.Result: Frankincense oil suppressed cell viability in J82 cells of transitional bladder carcinoma, but not in healthy (UROtsa) cells. A comprehensive gene expression analysis confirmed that frankincense oil activates genes responsible for cell cycle arrest, suppression of cell growth, and apoptosis in J82 cells. D.hFrankincense oil appears to differentiate cancer cells from normal bladder cells and to suppress the viability of cancer cells. Frankincense oil could therefore be an alternative treatment to be administered within the bladder. This represents a treatment for bladder cancer. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19296830/

The following study investigates the effects of frankincense essential oil and its main constituents, limonene and α-pinene, on sleep and stress. The effects on plasma levels of corticosterone and glutathione (GSH), as well as on sleep-wake patterns, were examined in sleep-deprived rats. The frankincense essential oil, diluted in jojoba oil as a vehicle, was applied to the skin. d.hTopically applied. Frankincense essential oil, at a dilution of 1/1000, significantly reduced corticosterone levels (p < 0.01). &<0.05) and led to a significant reduction in plasma glutathione levels. The concentrations of oxidative metabolite products were reduced by frankincense. In sleep-deprived rats, frankincense oil enhanced sleep without rapid eye movements. This study suggests that frankincense essential oil may improve sleep and reduce stress. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31582666/

Ylang Ylang

Traditionally, ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) is used to treat malaria, stomach ailments, asthma, gout, and rheumatism. Numerous phytochemical studies have now identified the constituents of ylang-ylang essential oils, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26294929/

Another study (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/This study provides further evidence for the influence of essential plant oil aromas on aspects of perception and mood in healthy participants: One hundred and forty-four volunteers were randomly assigned to ylang-ylang aroma, peppermint aroma, or no aroma control. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research computerized rating battery, with mood scales completed before and after the cognitive test. Peppermint was found to improve memory. Regarding subjective mood, peppermint increased alertness, while ylang-ylang decreased it but significantly increased calmness. These results support the claim that essential oil aromas can have significant and idiosyncratic effects on both the subjective and objective evaluation of aspects of human behavior.

The following study investigated the biochemical mechanism of action of the calming effect of ylang ylang essential oil in mice: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545208/ - resulting in the finding that ylang-ylang essential oil reduced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in both PFCs and the hippocampus. Downregulation of phosphorus CREB (p &< 0.05) and c-Fos (p &Less than 0.05% were observed only in the hippocampus. The essential oil also affected serotonin metabolism in the brain and lowered corticosterone levels in the blood plasma of mice treated with m-CPP.

cedar

Candida albicans can form biofilms from yeast, hyphal and pseudohyphal elements.The following study describes the chemical composition, antibiofilm activity, and antihyphal activity of cedarwood essential oil, which exhibits remarkable antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans but does not affect planktonic cell growth. Nineteen components were identified in cedarwood essential oil, of which phenols were the main constituents. Of these, camphor, fenchone, fenchyl alcohol, α-thujone, and borneol significantly reduced Candida albicans biofilm formation. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28824600/

The anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of 26 different commercial essential oils were investigated in vitro in the following study. Nine essential oils with varying anti-Helicobacter activities were selected, and phytochemical analyses of the selected essential oils were performed using GC-MS. The phenol red method was used to screen the effect of essential oils on urease activity. The most active essential oils were thyme, lemongrass, cedarwood, and lemon balm oils. Cedarwood oil was the most active. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32013183/

Swiss pine

The following study determined the chemical composition of pine needle (Cedrus deodara) essential oil and evaluated its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Twenty-three components, representing 95.79% of the oil, were identified. The main constituents include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). Pine needle essential oil exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the essential oil demonstrates strong antimicrobial activity against common foodborne microorganisms. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22757704/

The following study investigated the anticancer activity of pine needle (Pinus roxburghii) essential oil and demonstrated cytotoxicity induction in colon, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pancreatic, head and neck, and lung cancer cells exposed to this essential oil. The essential oil-induced apoptosis was confirmed by the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3, which suppressed the colony-forming capacity of tumor cells; a 50% inhibition occurred at a dose of 25 μg/ml.Furthermore, the essential oil inhibited the activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products associated with cell survival (survivin, c-FLIP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-Myc, c-IAP2), proliferation (cyclin D1), and metastasis (MMP-9). The study concludes that pine needle essential oil possesses considerable anticancer activity and could be used as an anticancer agent, but further research is needed to identify the bioactive compounds, followed by in vivo studies. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743861/

The following study examines the effects of pine needle oil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease/dementia. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide, which leads to memory impairment, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Aromatherapy with essential oils could represent a natural treatment option for Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the neuroprotective and central nervous system-positive effects of pine needle (Pinus halepensis) essential oil in a rat model of acute amyloid-beta toxicity. The results suggest that pine needle essential oil (Pinus halepensis) has beneficial effects on the central nervous system, including neuroprotective effects, and can be considered a therapeutic tool for mitigating Aβ toxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30784941/

The following article investigated the anti-tumor activity of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) essential oil on metastatic gastric cancer cells (MGC-803 cell strain) and its mechanism of action. In vitro anti-tumor experiments showed that the oil significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of MGC-803 cells, as well as arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and inducing apoptosis. The results indicated that Korean pine essential oil can exert anti-tumor activity via the HIPPO/YAP signaling pathway. The anti-tumor mechanism of this oil warrants further investigation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31731517/