Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables contain unique bioactive substances, some of which Sulforaphan Sulforaphane has gained particular attention as its main active ingredient. It is an isothiocyanate found primarily in broccoli sprouts and is formed from the glucosinolate glucoraphanin.[1]When the plant is crushed or chewed, the enzyme myrosinase converts glucoraphanin into sulforaphane.[1]This plant substance is considered one of the most potent natural activators of cellular Nrf2 signal path[2]Through this mechanism, sulforaphane increases the body's own production of Phase II detoxification enzymes (e.g., glutathione S-transferases), which promotes the detoxification of pollutants.[3]Furthermore, sulforaphane acts epigenetically as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs).[3]Through these multiple mechanisms of action, sulforaphane activates cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and inflammation[4].

In recent years, sulforaphane-rich Broccoli extracts intensively studied in clinical trials. The results point to diverse health benefits These include anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in metabolic parameters. anticarcinogenic effects as well as neuroprotective properties[5]The following section presents the current state of research – with a focus on human studies – on the therapeutic applications of sulforaphane. Examples include chronic inflammation, cancer, neurodegenerative/neurological diseases, and metabolic disorders. All key statements are supported by direct links to the underlying studies to ensure scientific rigor.

Mechanisms of action of sulforaphane

Sulforaphane exerts its biological effects primarily through cell-protective signaling pathways out of.The activation of is central Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2): Sulforaphane binds to the Keap1 protein, thereby releasing Nrf2, which then migrates into the cell nucleus.[3]There, Nrf2 increases the expression of numerous cytoprotective genes, among other things for antioxidants and phase II enzymes of detoxification[3]This leads to an increased Defense against oxidative stress and faster elimination of toxic foreign substances. In parallel, sulforaphane also influences the cell's epigenetics: it inhibits certain histone deacetylases, which may promote the activation of genes involved in tumor suppression and cell repair[3].

Furthermore, sulforaphane anti-inflammatory properties attributed to it. In cell culture and animal models, it suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling pathways (such as NF-κB) and reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sulforaphane is characterized overall by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic Effects from[4]These properties explain the broad therapeutic potential of this plant compound: it can protect cells from harmful influences, dampen chronic inflammatory responses, and potentially have a positive effect on dysregulated cellular processes (such as uncontrolled growth or neurodegeneration). The following sections will examine how these mechanisms have translated into measurable health benefits in human clinical trials.

Therapeutic applications of sulforaphane

Sulforaphane in chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation plays a role in numerous lifestyle diseases (e.g., arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, chronic infections). Sulforaphan Sulforaphane is being intensively studied for its anti-inflammatory effects. Results from human studies show that sulforaphane Lower inflammatory markers can – and this with good tolerability[6]In several clinical studies, the concentration of inflammatory mediators in the blood improved under sulforaphane administration, and a reduction in body fat mass was observed at the same time.[6].This suggests that sulforaphane may reduce inflammatory processes and have a beneficial effect on metabolic risk factors.

A concrete example is provided by Pilot study in chronically inflamed HIV patientsIn this small randomized study, 14 virus-suppressed HIV patients received 12 40 mg sulforaphane daily for several weeks (corresponding to ~225 µmol) or placebo[7]At the end of the study, the sulforaphane group showed a significantly lower levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) than the placebo group[7]This decrease in CRP (p = A value of 0.019 suggests a noticeable reduction in inflammation due to sulforaphane. Also Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines tended to decrease in such studies under sulforaphane administration, suggesting broad anti-inflammatory effects.[5]Interestingly, in parallel, Improvements in metabolic parameters recorded – for example, a decrease in visceral fat deposits and body weight in some studies[8]These findings support the theory that chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders are closely linked, and that sulforaphane can act therapeutically at this intersection.

In summary, sulforaphane was used in early human studies as anti-inflammatory substance with a broad spectrum of activity. Patients with chronic inflammatory conditions (for example, as a result of OverweightThose suffering from chronic stress or chronic infections may benefit from broccoli extract supplementation by reducing inflammatory markers and improving overall well-being. Inflammatory activity in the body is reduced. becomes[6][5]It is important that the reported studies no relevant side effects Side effects occurred – Sulforaphane was consistently well tolerated.[6].

Sulforaphane in cancer prevention and therapy

A key area of ​​research is the potential Use of sulforaphane against cancer.Epidemiological studies have shown that a high consumption of cruciferous vegetables (including broccoli) is associated with a reduced cancer risk goes hand in hand[9]In particular, a protective effect against lung, prostate, breast, and colon cancer is being discussed. Sulforaphane could act on several levels: Through Detoxification of carcinogenic substances, promoting the body's own Antioxidants, inhibition of chronic inflammation as well as through direct Effects on cancer cells (Growth arrest, induction of programmed cell death). Laboratory experiments show, for example, that sulforaphane stimulates tumor cells to divide less (lower Ki-67 values) and to increase apoptosis.[10]Clinical studies are currently investigating the extent to which such effects manifest in humans – partly preventively in risk groups, partly therapeutically as a supplement to cancer therapies.

Cancer prevention: An impressive recent study comes from the field Lung cancer prevention in high-risk patients. In a randomized phase II trial, 43 former heavy smokers with a high risk of lung cancer were treated for one year with a sulforaphane-containing broccoli extract (product [product name]). Avmacol®, 120 mg glucoraphanin daily, corresponding to approximately 95 µmol sulforaphane) or placebo[11][12]The most important endpoint was changes in bronchial tissue, especially the Ki-67 index (a marker for cell proliferation, d.h. cell division activity). The results after 12 The past few months have been very encouraging: In the sulforaphane group The Ki-67 value in the bronchial epithelium decreased by 20%., while in the placebo group he improved by 65% increase[13]This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.014) and suggests that sulforaphane inhibits abnormal cell growth in the airways brakes was able. The effect was particularly pronounced in areas with initially high cell division rates – there, Ki-67 decreased by 44% under sulforaphane, while it increased by 71% under placebo (p = 0.004)[14]. Histopathological changes However, precancerous lesions were not significantly reduced by sulforaphane.[13].However, it is important that no serious side effects occurred.[15]The study leaders conclude that sulforaphane as a chemopreventive agent against lung cancer should be further developed[16]These clinical data also support previous observations that high broccoli consumption correlates with a lower rate of lung cancer.[9].

Also for Prostate cancer – a type of tumor in which diet could play a role – there are some exciting findings. In a multicenter, placebo-controlled study from France, 78 men who had undergone surgery for prostate cancer (with biochemical recurrence, i.e., rising PSA levels) received over 6 60 months daily mg of a stabilized sulforaphane extract[17]The primary goal was to slow the PSA rise. While the sulforaphane group did not meet the predefined strict target criterion, it did achieve significant improvements in key areas. secondary endpoints Clear advantages emerged: The average PSA increase about the 6 The difference in months in the sulforaphane group was only +0.1 ng/mL, compared to +0.62 ng/mL under placebo – a significant difference (p = 0.043)[18]Accordingly, the PSA doubling time (a marker for tumor progression) under sulforaphane 28.9 months compared to 15.5 months in the control group[18]This corresponds to approximately 86 % longer doubling time with sulforaphane[18], which is clinically relevant. Furthermore, after 6 Significantly fewer patients in the sulforaphane group experienced a PSA increase of several months. &20 % (44% vs. 72% on placebo; p = 0.016)[18]After treatment was discontinued, the rates of increase in both groups returned to a similar level.[19], which suggests that continuous intake is necessary to maintain the effect.The authors evaluate sulforaphane as promising complementary therapy in biochemical prostate cancer recurrence[20]Importantly, the product was very well tolerated; no serious side effects occurred.[18].

Other types of tumors: Sulforaphane has also been shown in smaller studies to be effective in Breast cancer patients investigated, especially in early stages or in high-risk situations. Initial results also point in this direction. biological effects This includes, for example, changes in gene expression in tumor tissue and potential benefits in certain subgroups. Interestingly, genetic factors appear to play a role: patients expressing the enzyme glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) may benefit more from sulforaphane administration.[21](GSTM1 is one of the enzymes whose production is activated by Nrf2 – sulforaphane could therefore be particularly effective in individuals with a functioning detoxification system.) Overall, sulforaphane shows in Early stages of prostate and breast cancer promising effects[21]In contrast, the results in studies with advanced tumors So far, sobering[21] – Here, sulforaphane as monotherapy had little effect on the course of the disease. This may be because the effects of individual nutrients are overwhelmed in metastatic or very aggressive stages of cancer. Nevertheless, sulforaphane is still used in such cases as Add-on tested against standard therapies, e.g. to improve the tolerability of chemotherapy or to overcome resistance.

In summary, current human studies support the fact that sulforaphane cancer-preventive properties possesses and in certain clinical situations (such as early-stage prostate cancer or in patients at risk for lung cancer) therapeutically usable It could be. The mechanisms – from increased carcinogen detoxification to the direct inhibition of tumor cell processes – do indeed appear to be effective in humans. Nevertheless, further research and larger long-term studies are needed to determine optimal dosages, the right time for use (prevention vs. therapy), and to clarify any potential interactions with conventional cancer treatments. The results so far are encouraging, suggesting that broccoli extracts could one day be part of integrative strategies in cancer prevention and therapy.

Sulforaphane in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases

Also in the area neurology Sulforaphane is generating considerable interest due to its neuroprotective effects. Chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as… Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) These conditions are characterized by progressive nerve cell damage, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory processes. Sulforaphane can theoretically target all of these points: It activates antioxidant enzyme systems in the brain, has anti-inflammatory effects, and protects neurons from cell death.[4]Sulforaphane has already shown promise in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. positive effects – for example, fewer amyloid plaques and improved cognitive performance in mice with Alzheimer's modification, or less loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's models. Thanks to such findings, sulforaphane is being discussed as a potential treatment. Dietary supplements for prevention or slowing down of ejaculation to use neurodegenerative processes[22]However, relevant human studies are still in an early stage.

Currently running clinical trials, which are investigating sulforaphane in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. For example, one study (phase 1) is evaluating II, randomized) the effect of sulforaphane in patients with prodromal to mild-moderate Alzheimer's dementia with regard to cognitive performance and biological markers[23]Reliable results from such studies are still pending. So far, there are no large published human studies, which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of sulforaphane in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease – most of the findings come from laboratory and animal studies[24]Nevertheless, experts see sulforaphane as a promising candidate for Supporting brain healthIn particular, his ability to to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the central nervous system, could be beneficial in such diseases[4]Also for multiple sclerosis (MS) Sulforaphane has been described as protective in preclinical studies.[22], which encourages further research.

While the evidence for classical neurodegenerations is still growing, there is limited evidence from the field of neuropsychiatric disorders already has some remarkable human data.One surprising field of application is Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)Sulforaphane was first tested here in 2014 in a placebo-controlled study with adolescents and young adults with autism, based on the hypothesis that it influences cellular stress pathways that play a role in autism. The results were clear: After 18 After weeks of sulforaphane intake, the treated patients showed pronounced improvements in behavior compared to the placebo group[25]Standardized rating scales documented, for example, a 34% decrease the symptoms on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and a 17% improvement on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in the sulforaphane group[25]Specifically, social interaction behavior, verbal communication, and repetitive, stereotypical behavior patterns improved significantly under sulforaphane compared to baseline and controls.[25][26]Approximately half of the young men treated with sulforaphane were rated as "noticeably improved" by clinicians and relatives, whereas this was the case for very few in the placebo group.[27]Remarkably, the positive effects disappeared again a few weeks after discontinuing the medication.[28] – similar to what parents of autistic children know from the short-term "fever phenomenon" (some autism patients temporarily show fewer symptoms when they have a fever). This parallel supports the assumption that sulforaphane via Cellular stress responses (as the Heat shock response) works[29][30]Following this pilot study, further studies were conducted, including randomized trials in other age groups and even a meta-analysis. Overall, the data to date suggest that sulforaphane Alleviating certain core symptoms of autism can (especially irritability, hyperactivity and social interaction)[31]However, the effect appears to be age-dependent – ​​in younger children (under 8) years) showed z.B.A study showed no significant improvement.[32]Further research is underway to define optimal dosages and target groups.

Another area is schizophreniaSeveral clinical studies have been conducted in this area in recent years, as oxidative stress and inflammation also play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Sulforaphane – as Antioxidant and HDAC inhibitor – could be helpful as a supplement to standard antipsychotic therapy, especially in Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits for which there are currently few effective medications[33][34]Initial small studies yielded mixed results: One open-label pilot study found evidence of cognitive improvements with sulforaphane, while another study showed no clear benefit in patients in the acute phase.[35]Very recently (published in 2025), the results of a large placebo-controlled study from China are now available: 77 chronic schizophrenia patients with persistent negative symptoms received 24 For weeks, either high doses of sulforaphane (1.7 grams of a broccoli extract per day, in addition to their medication) or placebo[36][37]At the endpoint, the following became apparent: significant improvements in negative symptoms in the sulforaphane group compared to placebo[38]In particular, the score of the negative syndrome (measured using the PANSS scale) decreased significantly more in the treatment group (p = 0.01), with the biggest difference after 6 months (effect size Cohen's d ~0.8)[38]The authors conclude that High-dose sulforaphane as add-on therapy can reduce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia[39]Interestingly, this effect was not merely secondarily explainable by antidepressant effects, but appears to be directly related to the negative symptoms.[40].Sulforaphane was also well tolerated here; its safety profile did not differ from placebo. These results are promising, as negative symptoms (such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and affective flattening) have so far only been inadequately addressed therapeutically.

In summary, sulforaphane thus neuroprotective and neurologically effective effects shown: Be it as neurochemical modulator in autism and schizophrenia, or as a potential Protective factor for brain cells in models of Alzheimer's/Parkinson's. The existing human data in the field of neurology/psychiatry are encouraging – precisely because they target functions that are difficult to influence with conventional medications (z.B. social interaction in autism or negative symptoms in schizophrenia).

Sulforaphane in metabolic disorders

Another focus of the research is metabolic diseases How Type 2 diabetes mellitus 2Insulin resistance/prediabetes, fatty liver, or obesity. Chronic metabolic disorders are often associated with oxidative stress and systemic inflammation—both processes that sulforaphane can favorably influence. In fact, several studies suggest that sulforaphane... Metabolic health promotes and improves metabolic risk factors[41]Positive effects on blood sugar control, lipid profile, and liver function have been reported, some even in clinical human studies. A particular benefit is emerging in the context of type 2 diabetes.

A milestone was one in the year A randomized study published in 2017 from Sweden, in which Broccoli sprout extract was tested as a complementary therapy in type 2 diabetics[42][43]97 patients with type 2 diabetes received over 12 For several weeks, they received a concentrated broccoli extract (rich in sulforaphane) or a placebo daily, in addition to their usual treatment.[44]The focus was particularly on overweight diabetics with poorly controlled blood sugar (high HbA1c). At the end of the 12 Weeks showed that the Patients in the sulforaphane group had significantly lower fasting blood sugar levels. than in the placebo patients[44]Specifically, fasting blood glucose levels decreased more significantly with sulforaphane, while they remained largely unchanged in the placebo group.[44].This effect was particularly pronounced in those whose diabetes was least well controlled at the start of the study. The authors interpreted this as an indication that sulforaphane inhibit glucose production in the liver can – a mechanism supported by genome-wide analyses and animal experiments[45]This means that broccoli extract could represent a supportive treatment option for the many patients who cannot tolerate metformin (the classic first-line therapy) or for whom it is contraindicated.[46]It is important to mention that this study emerged from an innovative drug screening strategy: Researchers identified sulforaphane as an "antagonist" of pathological gene expression patterns in diabetes using bioinformatics.[47] – a modern approach that has been validated by clinical success.

Even more up-to-date are data from the Prediabetes areaIn February In 2025, a research team from the University of Gothenburg (Sweden) reported on a study of 89 overweight individuals with Prediabetes (elevated fasting blood sugar)[48][49]These test subjects – all aged between 35 and 75 Years – 12 were Participants were randomly treated for several weeks with either a sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extract or a placebo in a double-blind design.[49]The main result: In the sulforaphane group The fasting blood sugar level dropped significantly more. than in the placebo group[50]The difference in blood sugar rise was "considerable" according to the authors.[51]On average, the reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in the treatment group was approximately 0.2. mmol/L below the control group[52].A subgroup analysis was particularly interesting: those participants who exhibited certain characteristics – namely mild signs of type 2 diabetes, relatively low body weight (for the group), no fatty liver and only moderate insulin resistance – spoke best target sulforaphane[53]In this subgroup, the blood glucose difference between sulforaphane and placebo was even 0.4. mmol/L[52]And when a specific type of beneficial gut bacteria was also taken into account, the difference even increased to 0.7. mmol/L[52]The latter indicates that the The effect of sulforaphane is modulated by the intestinal flora. This could become a fascinating finding. Overall, these results provide an indication of possible Precision medicineSulforaphane could be particularly helpful for prediabetics who possess a specific metabolic profile and microbiome.[54]In practical terms, the 12-week supplementation meant that these patients' blood sugar levels approached the normal range, thus improving their condition. Development of manifest type 2 diabetes may be delayed or prevented[55]As always, lifestyle measures (dietary changes, exercise, weight loss) are the foundation, but sulforaphane could potentially play a role in the future. complementary functional active ingredient They can be used to lower blood sugar in the prediabetes phase.[56].

In addition to blood sugar, other measurements were also taken in various studies. Metabolic parameters investigated. Some reports suggest that sulforaphane improve blood lipids can – e.g. by lowering elevated triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels – at least in animal models and small human studies with metabolic syndrome.[57][8]. Also on the Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) Sulforaphane may have a beneficial effect, as it supports liver cell health and reduces inflammation in liver tissue (initial clinical pilot data in patients with fatty liver are available, but are still preliminary).An area where sulforaphane no significant effect showed, is Hypertension (high blood pressure)In the large analysis of clinical trials mentioned above, no significant blood pressure-lowering benefit of sulforaphane was found.[58]This means that sulforaphane is not a substitute for blood pressure medication and its metabolic influence is more likely to target glucose and lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory parameters.

In summary, the available studies provide strong evidence that sulforaphane positively intervene in metabolic disorders can – especially in regulating blood sugar levels in diabetes and prediabetes[58]This is clinically significant because there is a particular need for new, safe therapeutic components in these common diseases. Sulforaphane from broccoli extracts could prove to be a promising option here. effective and safe supplement as the reported studies suggest, with improvements in glycemic control and inflammatory markers[5][58].

Safety and dosage

A crucial aspect in evaluating an active ingredient is its Safety and compatibilityFor sulforaphane, previous human studies show a very favorable security profileIn virtually all published clinical studies, no serious adverse effects observed under sulforaphane[15][6].

Side effects, if present at all, are usually limited to mild gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., bloating or mild heartburn) or skin rashes, which are rare and reversible.

Even at high dose – such as1.7 Grams of broccoli extract daily in the schizophrenia study[36] or 12 Months of intake for smokers[11] No safety-related problems occurred. This is plausible, as sulforaphane is a natural food component and the body has enzymatic control mechanisms for its processing. Nevertheless, individuals with specific conditions (e.g., pregnant women, children, people with thyroid disorders) should consult a doctor before taking sulforaphane supplements, as there is currently little data available for these groups.

Regarding the dosage There are currently no uniform recommendations, as different studies used different preparations. Sulforaphane preparations are generally derived from Broccoli sprouts or seeds, sometimes in powder, extract, or tablet form. The doses used in studies ranged from approximately... 9–30 mg sulforaphane daily (in the autism trial, weight-adjusted dosage)[61] above 40 mg daily (HIV pilot study)[7]In the diabetes study, a concentration was chosen that was approximately Sulforaphane levels are comparable to those that would be achieved by consuming very large amounts of broccoli.[47][44] (Of course, this is hardly achievable in everyday life, which is why an extract was necessary). Generally speaking, it can be said that 10–50 mg pure sulforaphane per day in most studies achieved positive effects, while doses in the range 100 mg and more They are considered to be high-dose and have been tested primarily for specific indications. However, the content of dietary supplements is often not specified. Glucoraphanin indicated; here they correspond z.B100 mg Glucoraphanin approximately 40 mg of free sulforaphane (the conversion rate varies, often it is assumed to be ~40%).

For the layperson, it is important to note: The therapeutically used amounts of sulforaphane can be... It is difficult to achieve through normal diet alone.While broccoli is very healthy and a daily portion offers benefits, the therapeutic levels achieved in studies usually require concentrated extracts. Broccoli sprouts contain by far the most glucoraphanin; just 20–30 Grams of fresh sprouts can provide as much glucoraphanin as 300 Grams of mature broccoli.Anyone wishing to naturally ingest sulforaphane can eat broccoli sprouts raw (z.B(e.g., in salads or smoothies). However, standardized forms are needed for targeted therapeutic use. Broccoli extract preparations often more sensible, as they allow for reliable dosing.

Conclusion

Sulforaphan, the bioactive substance from broccoli, has transformed in recent years from a laboratory phenomenon into one of the most exciting Topics in nutritional medicine research developed. The studies summarized here show a wide range of potential health benefits: Sulforaphane has an effect. anti-inflammatory, by lowering markers such as CRP and IL-6[7][6]It can be in metabolism intervene and, for example, significantly improve blood sugar levels in diabetics and prediabetics.[44][50]. At the same time, it has Anti-cancer effects shown – both preventively (e.g. reduced cell proliferation in the bronchial tissue of ex-smokers).[13]) as well as therapeutically (e.g. slowed PSA growth in prostate cancer patients)[18]In the neurological field, Improvements in symptoms documented in autism and schizophrenia[25][38], which suggests neuromodulatory properties.All these findings are based on the special effect profile of sulforaphane: As Nrf2 activator and HDAC inhibitor It activates a multitude of protective genes.[3]It promotes detoxification, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammatory processes.[4].

Despite the promising results, it must be emphasized that sulforaphane currently still in the research phase is located. Many of the cited studies are Pilot studies with a relatively small number of cases or Phase II trials that still require confirmation in larger groups, ideally with larger, well-controlled studies and taking individual differences into account (e.g., genetics such as GSTM1-Status[21] or gut flora composition[54]). Such precision medicine approaches This could help identify those individuals who benefit most from sulforaphane and to target the therapy accordingly.

Nevertheless, the findings so far paint a consistent picture: broccoli extract or sulforaphane is an exceptionally versatile and safe natural material, which has shown positive biological effects in various clinical areas. For laypeople, this by no means implies that broccoli is a "miracle cure"—but a sulforaphane-rich diet (or a tested supplement) can certainly be beneficial. a contribution to preventive healthcare To achieve this. Especially in the context of a balanced diet, regular consumption of broccoli and related vegetables appears to be beneficial as a preventative measure. Should sulforaphane confirm its efficacy in further clinical trials, it could potentially be used in the future as adjuvant therapy in inflammatory diseases, as supportive means in oncology or for Metabolism optimization are increasingly used in diabetology.

The fascination surrounding sulforaphane vividly demonstrates how Plant substances in food intervene deep within our cell regulation. This is a prime example of how "eating health" is indeed tangible at the molecular level. In the coming years, science will continue to explore how we can specifically utilize these natural mechanisms to prevent diseases and improve therapies. Sulforaphane and broccoli extracts are well on their way to moving from the laboratory to clinical practice – for the benefit of patients and in line with a holistic, preventative approach to medicine.

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