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The neurology includes all diseases of the brain and nervous system. A distinction is made between neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
By definition, it is neurological diseasesif the following body structures are affected: brain, sensory organs, spinal cord, peripheral nerves (including nerve roots and muscles), blood vessels of the nervous system and the immune and hormonal systems, provided the disorder is caused by the nervous system.
The most common neurological diseases include: stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), meningitis, epilepsy, migraines, polyneuropathy and brain tumors.
neurodegenerative diseases are a collective term for a series of diseases that primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. Neurons are the building blocks of our nervous system. Since they do not reproduce, the body cannot replace them if they are damaged.
Neurodegenerative diseases are therefore basically incurable diseases that lead to progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. This leads to problems with movement (such as Parkinson's disease) or with mental performance (dementia, with Alzheimer's disease accounting for around three-quarters of all dementia cases).
THE OVERALL CONCEPT OF NEUROLOGY
A) NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
The neural network
At the center of the neural network is our brain. The human brain is the most complex organ that nature has ever created: 100 billion nerve cells and many times that number of contact points give it capabilities that no supercomputer can match to date.
Our human brain consists of different brain cells. The most important and most common brain cells are nerve cells, also called neurons.
A nerve cell (called a “neuron”) consists of a cell body and nerve fibers – an extended extension (called an “axon”) to send out impulses and usually many branches (called “dendrites”) to receive impulses. This means that the nerve cells are networkedBetween the synapses is the so-called synaptic cleft. The transmission of information between the cells takes place via neurotransmitters (e.g. Serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine)
Each long axon is surrounded by oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and by lemnocytes in the peripheral nervous system. The membranes of these cells consist of a fat-protein compound (so-called lipoproteins), the myelin. The membranes are tightly wrapped around the axon and form a multi-layered covering. This myelin coat (myelin sheath) functions in a similar way to the insulation of an electrical cable. Nerve impulses travel much faster in nerves covered by a myelin sheath than in those without.
Due to the powerful performance of our supercomputer “brain”, it requires large amounts of energy. Around 20% of the total energy requirement is used by our brain alone! And cellular energy (ATP) is produced by our mitochondria, the so-called "power plants" of our cells. If the mitochondria no longer work properly, this is called mitochondrial disease - and our brain also loses performance.
To avoid this, it is important to ensure that the mitochondria are adequately supplied with micronutrients, such as R-alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, NADH and cofactors (especially B vitamins).. Since a kind of controlled oxyhydrogen reaction takes place in the mitochondria, in which oxygen is burned (with macronutrients as “fuel”), a sufficient blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to the brain Here we provide ginkgo biloba and L-arginine important services.
Chronic inflammation (autoimmune reactions play a central role here), stress, environmental toxins, etc., as well as the energy production in the mitochondria, constantly leads to free radicals that can damage tissues like our brainDefusing these free radicals is the job of antioxidants. Particularly strong antioxidants include astaxanthin, OPC from grape seed extract, glutathione or vitamins C and E.
B) NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
In neurodegenerative diseases, special requirements apply to:
- Avoid
- postpone the start
- slow down the process
- Influencing all known risk factors (synergistic effects!)
- Regenerative therapy (e.g. stimulation of neuron formation)
… also because of:
- increasing life expectancy
- long latency (“early prevention and early detection”)
- high standards of quality of life
- high care costs
- and because of mostly unsatisfactory guideline therapy …
Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases have several overlapping causes (“multifunctional diseases”):
- genetics, gender, age
- Unfavorable lifestyle (poor diet, stress, lack of exercise)
- Oxidative Stress and Nitrosative Stress
- Inflammations and disorders of kynurenine metabolism (kynurenineis an amino acid that is part of the breakdown of tryptophan into serotonin)
- Immunological problems (e.g. infections with herpes viruses)
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Environmental and pollutant pollution (including nicotine, alcohol, medication, particulate matter, pesticides, metals)
- Disorders of the PNEI axis (psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunological)
- Misfolding of protein structures (“protein poisoning in the brain”), e.g. amyloid ß/tau proteins in Alzheimer’s disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease with simultaneous disruption of repair and disposal mechanisms (see below)
- Disorders of intestinal function and blood-brain barrier ("leaky brain")
- acid-base disorders
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain, so-called amyloid fibrils, is one of the primary causes of neurodegenerative diseases.
Protein misfolding occurs when polypeptides are unable to fold into a correct three-dimensional structure. This usually results in toxic proteins, which, according to the latest research, trigger neurodegenerative diseases.
The body has its own protective mechanisms against misfolded proteins: enzymatically by so-calledpeptidasesPeptidases are enzymes that break down proteins or break them down into reusable fragments. through “cell recycling”, the so-called autophagyThe lysosomes then dock onto these waste products, and their enzymes break this waste down into its individual components, making it reusable. Lysosomes are therefore also known as the "stomach" of our cells.
Unfortunately, as we age, this autophagy no longer works as well, so that molecular waste accumulates in the cells and ultimately impairs normal cell functionsOver the years, this cellular waste can contribute to the relevant diseases of old age, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
According to current knowledge, there are two ways to activate and improve autophagy:
- Through limiting calorie intakeThis can be achieved through fasting or a long-term low-calorie diet. When food is scarce, the body activates autophagy to release nutrients from the "protein waste". And as a side effect of this nutrient extraction, misfolded proteins and defective organelles are broken down. This also fits well with the observation in numerous studies that caloric restriction in experimental animals has prolonged life and counteracts aging processes.
- Through the use of so-called calorie restriction mimeticswhich mimic the effects of reduced calorie intake (= calorie restriction). spermidine is an important representative in the group of calorie restriction mimetics and acts similarly to the secondary plant substances resveratrol from grapes and Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea.
Studies on the use of resveratrol and spermidine in neurodegenerative diseases:
resveratrol
Resveratrol is able to activate the sirtuin enzyme even without caloric restrictionIn a double-blind crossover study, overweight but otherwise healthy participants received 150 mg/day of resveratrol or a placebo for one month. Metabolic changes were observed in the resveratrol group that also occur with caloric restriction. SIRT1 was activated, the fat content of muscle cells increased (where the fat was then burned), while fat in the liver decreased; the mitochondria in muscle cells were more active and blood sugar levels fell, as did systolic blood pressure, blood lipid levels and inflammation levels (see. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22055504/ ).
Resveratrol in Alzheimer's prevention: In a study lasting approximately 1 year, patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease received 0.5 g/day of resveratrol; the dose was gradually increased to 2 g (see. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26362286/ ). It was shown that resveratrol can have an activating effect on the brain, e.g. it reduces inflammatory processes in the CNS (central nervous system) and improves blood flow in the brain. In type 2 diabetes patients, 75 mg of resveratrol per week was enough to noticeably improve cognitive performance and blood supply to the brain (cf. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27420093/ ).
In another study, the administration of 250-500 mg per day to healthy volunteers led to improved blood flow to the brain (see: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20357044/ ). When 250 mg resveratrol plus 20 mg piperine were administered on three days, a significant increase in hemoglobin levels was observed (anemia is a relevant dementia risk factor) (cf. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804871/ ).
spermidine
In a small study, researcher M. Fischer was able to prove that increased autophagy in brain cells improves memory. He also found that T cells and cytokines act as important mediators in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. In high doses, spermidine downregulates all cytokines except IL-17A, promotes autophagy and increases T cell activation. [Fischer M et al.; Spermine and spermidine modulate T-cell function in older adults with and without cognitive decline ex vivo. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Jul 15;12(13):13716-13739].
In his study, Pekar found that spermidine triggers the elimination of amyloid beta plaques due to its influence on autophagy. It has a positive effect on dementia and leads to a significant improvement in cognitive performance in nursing home residents after just three months of use. [Pekar T et al.; Spermidine in dementia: Relation to age and memory performance. Wien Klein Wochenschr. 2020;132(1-2):42-46].
In 2020, Schwarz described that higher spermidine intake in older people is associated with larger hippocampal volume. He also found greater mean cortical density and increased cortical thickness in areas of the brain susceptible to Alzheimer's disease, as well as in the parts of the brain associated with the parietal bone and the temples. [Black C et al.; Spermidine intake is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in older adults. Neuroimage 2020;221:117132].
In an earlier randomized study from 2018, Schwarz found that spermidine can protect against cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration [Black C et al.; Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(1):19-33].
The German Society of Neurology also now recognizes the great potential of spermidine in terms of its protective effect on dementia and writes that previous data suggest that spermidine has a positive effect on brain functions and mental abilities. These effects are currently the focus of the SmartAge study, which is being conducted under the direction of Professor Flöel. Wheat germ preparations enriched with spermidine are used. [Diener HC; Brain-healthy nutrition: How food can protect against dementia; IWD-Informationsdienst Wissenschaften 2017].
ALZHEIMER / DEMENTIA
Causes:
- Genetics (e.g. apolipoprotein E4)
- traumatic brain injury
- Limited schooling
- Hyperhomocysteinemia (or disorders of the 1-carbon pathway)
- Hypertension, obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia (possibly questionable)
- NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor
- is activated by glutamate (glutamate can act as a neurotoxin)
- increases calcium influx into cells and formation of radicals
- Overexcitation of the nerve cell with disruption of signal transmission and death of the cell (“excitotoxicity”)
- Functional disorders (e.g.oxidative stress, immune disorders, inflammation, mitochondrial disease)
- Micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. coenzyme Q10, vitamin D)
- pollutants (e.g. aluminum)
In the early stages, the progression of Alzheimer's disease can be delayed by micronutrients. The patients' brains shrank by 20% less than the control group. More importantly, brain function declined between 40 and 70% less over three years than in the non-treated subjects.
Example recipe from the study below:
| DHA | 1200 mg |
(Source: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, 311 participants; Soininen H et al.; 36‐month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2021;17;29-40)
Drugs can cause the death of brain cells (among other things due to intracellular deposition of beta-amyloids and formation of tau fibrils) not stopping. A mixture of micronutrients (Omega 3 fatty acids, phospholipids, choline, B vitamins, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium), which are essential for the construction of cell membranes and support the formation of new synapses, was already able to slow the progression of dementia and brain atrophy in 2 previous studies (“Souvenir I+II”)The LipiDiDiet also had a positive effect on the two endpoints “assessment of the severity of dementia by the doctor” and “volume of the hippocampus in the MRI”. The benefit for the patient is greater the earlier the intervention is used.
(Source: Randomised, double-blind, controlled over 24 months with 311 participants; Soininen H et al.; 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (LipiDiDiet): a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial; The Lancet Neurology 30.10.2017)
Recipe example micronutrients:
| active ingredients | dosage |
| Vit. C | 2.5-7.5 g |
| vitamin E | 100-150 mg |
| Possiblyadditionally: | 1 g |
- additionally L-arginine, N-acetyl-cysteine, Vit D3, α-lipoic acid
- additionally Ginkgo biloba
- Oxygen inhalation during infusion (to promote intensive blood circulation and optimize energy balance)
Phytotherapy recipe example:
| substances | oral dose | application examples |
| sage | 2-3 g | Improves cognition and agitation |
| ginseng | 4.5-9 g | Improves cognition, promotes serotonin/catecholamines |
| Ginkgo biloba | 150-240 mg | Improves cognition, daily life, clinical assessment |
| Hypericum perforatum | 250-750 mg | Reduces β-amyloid, improves cognition and mood, |
| pomegranate | 1-1.5 g | May possibly prevent amyloid formation, has an antioxidant effect |
The neuroprotective effects are particularly evident in secondary plant substances (e.g. polyphenols, iridoid glycosides, isothiocyanates, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins) and their effect on neurotropins (signal mediators between nerve cells). The substances act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and have antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The current study situation is inconsistent. Nevertheless, phytotherapeutics with a high content of neuroprotective secondary plant substances should be tested in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS and Huntington's disease).
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Progressive degenerative CNS disease with:
- Degeneration and death of dopaminergic nerve cells in the subsantia nigra / striatum
- Formation of Lewy bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) in the substantia nigra
- Extrapyramidal disorder with dopamine deficiency à imbalance between dopamine, acetylcholine and glutamate
- Dopamine inhibits muscle contraction, stimulates basal ganglia
- Acetylcholine stimulates nerve contraction, dampens basal ganglia
- Glutamate increases Ca intracellularly (overactivation of the subthalamic nucleus)
--> Alzheimer's disease
Causes:
So-called “idiopathic” Parkinson’s syndrome (approx. 75%):
- No additional causes recognized
- Functional disorders (e.g.Oxidative stress, mitochondrial disease, inflammation) and micronutrient deficiencies are likely
Secondary Parkinson's syndrome:
- Vascular
- Posttraumatic (e.g. boxer Mohamed Ali)
- taking neuroleptics (with dopamine antagonism)
- Taking calcium antagonists, metoclopramide or lithium
- Pollution, e.g. CO, pesticides, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (produced during the production of synthetic heroin)
Possible starting points for micronutrients:
Note:
- Pyridoxal-(5)-phosphate (active B6) is a cofactor of dopa decarboxylase DCC à It increases the activity of dopa decarboxylase and can weaken L-dopa effect
- Normal vitamin B6 levels are unproblematic
- In doses > 5 mg, B6 can accelerate the conversion of levoopa to dopamine and reduce levodopa levels
- However, this effect does not occur when levodopa is combined with DCC inhibitors (e.g. benserazide).
Recipe example for Parkinson's disease:
| active ingredients | dosage |
| Vit. C | 2.5-7.5 g |
- individually additional Vit B2, Vit B3, Vit D, Omega 3 fatty acids, R-alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10 and secondary plant substances
- Oxygen inhalation during infusion (to promote intensive blood circulation and optimize energy balance)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Causes:
- Chronic inflammation with degeneration of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes by T cells (and by glutamate oversupply)
- Genetics (increased vulnerability of CNS tissue)
- autoimmune reaction and/or lack of immune tolerance
- infection hypothesis (e.g. herpes, Ebstein-Barr, chlamydia, streptococcus mutans)
- Hygiene hypothesis (the more infectious diseases in childhood, the less MS)
- Vitamin D deficiency (and/or “vitamin D resistance” according to Coimbra)
- Oxidative stress, psychological stress, mitochondrial disorder, pollution
(Source: Munger KL et al.; Neurology 2004; 62; 60-65; Lassmann H; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003; 4; 11-15)
Possible starting points for micronutrients:
| effects | micronutrients |
| immune modulation | e.g. zinc, selenium |
Recipe example MS:
| active ingredients | dosage |
| choline (citrate/chloride) | 600-1500 mg |
- Application frequency: 2-4 x / week. over several weeks
- Infuse choline slowly over 45 minutes while lying down and resting after infusion
- Rare side effects of infusion therapy: increased salivation, deeper breathing, feeling of warmth
- Contraindications are acute bronchial asthma, bradycardia, myocardial infarction, Parkinson's disease
- Note: Combination with omega-3 fatty acids orally, alkaline therapy; Ca-EAP (350 mg each) 3x2 orally on infusion-free days. Combination with Betaferon (interferon beta 1b) also useful.
C) MENTAL ILLNESSES
The term “Mental Health" Mental health means that a person feels mentally and spiritually well. A kind of ideal state in which a person can fully exploit his or her potential to cope with the pressures and stresses in his or her life. Mental health does not simply mean the absence of mental stress or illness. There is no "all or nothing" principle here: Most of us are somewhere in the middle between "mentally healthy" and "mentally ill" most of the time.
Common reactions to psychological stress situations are feelings of sadness, fear or strong inner tension. These symptoms usually disappear after a certain time. If they last longer or other symptoms arise (panic attacks, suicidal thoughts, self-harm, etc.) and lead to increasingly greater problems in everyday life, those affected and their relatives should seek professional help.
The term mental illness covers various clinical pictures that occur in varying degrees of severity. Mental illnesses cannot usually be traced back to just one cause.For the creation, both biological factors (e.g. genetic predisposition, metabolic changes in the brain), family circumstances (e.g. parents with depression) as well as stressful life experiences in the past (e.g. separations, death of an important person).
Examples of mental illnesses:
- depression
- hyperactivity (ADHD)
- autism
- borderline
- schizophrenia
- Psychosomatics / Somatoform Disorders
- stress and burnout
Depression ("The Exhausted Soul")
- Despite growing knowledge about depression, its rapid spread cannot be prevented.
- The modern living conditions are now considered the main factor: excessive demands, existential worries, pressure to present oneself, stress and much more
- This makes preventive (and therapeutic) antidotes all the more important.
Source: PSYCHOLOGY TODAY, August 2006
Other theses:
- Disturbance of the dopamine-serotonin balance
- Neurotransmitters such as serotonin influence a variety of molecular processes in the brain that act against depression and other mental disorders.
- They stimulate, for example, the neuronal plasticity (NP) (the ability of nerves to form new connections). The substances that influence neuronal plasticity also include ketamine: It increases the release of glutamate at the synapse, which also promotes NP.
- BUT: Depression is NOT (ONLY) caused by a lack of noradrenaline and serotonin (SSRI B. increase serotonin within hours, which is why effects occur quickly should!)
- pollution (e.g. metals, pesticides, air pollutants, nicotine, alcohol)
- Cadmium increases risk of depression
Source: Berk M et al.; Pop, heavy metal and the blues: secondary analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POP), heavy metals and depressive symptoms in the NHANES National Epidemiological Survey. BMJ Open. 2014; 4(7): e005142. - Lead increases the risk of depression
Source: Bouchard M et al.; Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Arch Gene Psychiatry. 2009 Dec; 66(12):
1313–1319 - Pesticides increase the risk of depression
Source: Koh SB et al.; Exposure to pesticide as a risk factor for depression: A population-based longitudinal study in Korea. Neurotoxicology 2017;62:181-185. - Air pollutants increase the risk of depression and antidepressant use
Source: Vert C et al.; Effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on anxiety and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study.Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017;220(6):1074-1080
- Cadmium increases risk of depression
- inflammation theory
- energy deficit (mitochondrial disease)
- Depression is a multifunctional disease!
Classical therapy:
In depression = signal transmission at the synaptic cleft is disturbed (due to disruption of the neurotransmitter (NTM) balance)
- Pharmacological (“antidepressants”): Slowing down neurotransmitter degradation, inhibiting NTM reuptake or NTM removal from the synapse
- Changes in personality and metabolism
- Why not increase the intake of building blocks such as L-tryptophan, S-adenosyl-methionine?
- Non-pharmacological:
- psychotherapy
- work-life balance
- stress management and self-confidence training
- Movement
- Nutrition
- Reduce everyday drugs (nicotine and alcohol)
Problems caused by the use of antidepressants:
For four new generation antidepressants (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine and nefazodone), the differences in effectiveness are increasing placebo with the severity of the depression:
There are practically no differences in moderate depression, relatively small differences in very severe depression and differences meeting the criteria for clinical significance only in patients at the upper end of the scale for very severe depression. The relationship between severity of illness and antidepressant efficacy is more likely to be due to a reduced response to placebo in very severely depressed patients than to an increasing effect of the medication.
Source: Meta-analysis of approval studies (35 randomized studies, including unpublished studies that were not voluntarily handed over by the manufacturers but were requested through the FDA). Kirsch I et al.; Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration; PLoS Med 2008; 5: e45)
HYPERACTIVITY / ADHD
Causes:
- neurotransmitter disorder (especially deficit or reduced effectiveness of dopamine: justification for use of stimulants?)
- Psychological stress (including over- or under-challenge, social situation)
- energy deficits / mitochondrial diseases
- intestinal dysfunction (and imbalances in short-chain fatty acids)
- Food intolerances (especially allergies, fructose or histamine intolerance)
- Pollutant contamination (e.g. salicylate and chemical intolerance, lead, aluminum)
- nicotine abuse of the mother during pregnancy
- Low birth weight and premature birth
- Micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. zinc, vitamin B6, iron, unsaturated (omega 3) fatty acids)
- overload with copper, phosphate and lead
Classical therapy
General (mainly lifestyle):
- Movement
- Nutrition incl.Elimination and rotation diet for food intolerance
- Stress management and rest periods (e.g. “media-free time”)
- Avoidance of everyday drugs (e.g. nicotine / active and passive)
Special: behavioral therapy
Pharmacological: stimulant psychotropic drugs (e.g. amphetamine-like methylphenidate = “Ritalin”)
Source: SZ 11.2.2006
AUTISM
According to the WHO, a “congenital, incurable perception and information processing disorder of the brain” (gene defect).
Classic symptoms:
- Developmental delays (lack of eye contact, speech disorders and lack of social contact skills)
- stereotypical behavior patterns
- no sense of dangerous situations
- low frustration tolerance
- barely notice their surroundings
- Sleep disorders manifest themselves in very early waking
Examples of causes:
Often occurs only after birth (genetics only a partial aspect) à according to current knowledge genetics only about 50%, the other ~50% probably environmental factors etc. such as:
- pollutant contamination (e.g. lead)
- Metals or dysregulation of elements have been discussed for some time as possible triggers of autism.
- In a twin study, children with an autism spectrum disorder had increased concentrations of lead and on the other hand a zinc and manganese deficiency in areas of their milk teeth that are formed during a perinatal development phase (intrauterine or infancy).
(Source: Arora M et L:, Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism; Nature Communications
2017; doi: 10.1038/ncomms15493)
- changes in neurotransmitter levels
- Intestinal dysfunction (e.g. dysbiosis, inflammation)
- liver dysfunction
- food intolerances
- Overactive immune system and anamnestic infections
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Oxidative stress
- Low cholesterol levels
- Pre-existing and gestational diabetes
- Micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. zinc and manganese deficiency)
- Many similarities with AD(H)D
Classical therapy:
- Behavioral programs: B.conditional behavior (operant-conditioning / discrete-trial therapies)
- Pharmacological:
- Trileptal (antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine)
- Zyprexa (atypical neuroleptic olanzapine)
- Ativan (oral or intravenous; benzodiazepine lorazepam)
- Remeron (antidepressant mirtazapine)
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
= BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) (counts among affective disorders)
- Unusual behaviors and feelings
- Rigid inappropriate reactions in personal & social situations
- Instability in social relationships, in self-image (tendency to self-endangering behavior) and mood (strong emotional outbursts)
- Symptoms of Neurosis and psychosis alternate off
Causes:
- Environmental factors (childhood trauma, experiences of abuse, air quality)
- Constitutional factors (exaggerated temperament)
- Interactions of 1 + 2 or trigger event
Classical therapy:
Non-pharmacological:
- In the 1980s, the dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). It is still the most scientifically proven treatment for borderline personality disorder
- In addition, psychoanalysis, schema-focused therapy (SFT), mentalization-based therapy (MBT) or transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) are used
Pharmacological: especially neuroleptics, tranquilizers and SSRIs
INNOVATIVE THERAPY
Psycho-mental health in general:
| Supportive | inhibitory |
| oxygen | oxygen deficiency |
| Optimal nutrition (micronutrients) | “Normal” diet and |
| Movement | lack of exercise |
| relaxation | restlessness |
| Positive stress (avoiding | Negative chronic stress |
| Sufficient sleep | lack of sleep |
| Brain training, goals | Mental inertia |
| Avoiding drugs | Smoking, alcohol, other drugs |
| Finding yourself (cf."soul, mood") | discontent |
| Physical Health | (Chronic) Diseases |
| medications ("brain boosters") | medications (e.g. blood pressure medication) |
a) General therapeutic approaches with micronutrients:
Orthomolecular Medicine (OM) – Unique Selling Point in Optimization & Normalization:
- General and specific metabolic functions ("Resource Strengthening"), including redox, detoxification, immune and energy production system, intestine
- Special neurotransmitter balance and stress hormone balance (“Psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunological axis”)
OM as a partner of “classical” therapy:
- Supports psychotherapy and makes patients more suitable for behavioral therapy (gets them out of a “metabolic hole” or “energy low”)
- Provides serotonin precursors (5HTP, tryptophan) and can save or replace SSRIs (“selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” = antidepressants)
- Provides catecholamine precursors
- Uses lifestyle and stress management components
b) Special therapeutic approaches with micronutrients:
use lead substances
- Treat energy and cofactor balance
- detoxification (in case of pollution)
- Treating acid-base disorders (subclinical acidosis)
- Strengthen antioxidants, inflammation and immune systems
- affect neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin sides)
- Influence stress hormones (normalize cortisone or “adrenal fatigue”)
- Optimize intestinal function (especially intestinal flora, barriers)
- dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract influence
- release of stress hormones and neurotransmitters
- mental health and stress management
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- depression
- autism
- Mental disorders, in turn, have a negative impact on the gastrointestinal tract (with changes in motility, gastrointestinal secretion, mucosal regeneration, composition of the intestinal microbiome and increased intestinal permeability) and promote diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract influence
Where it seems reasonable to treat
- Histamine intolerance (e.g. methionine, calcium additionally)
- deficiencies in zinc and vitamin B (see “cryptopyrroluria”)
Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine Functional Axis:
- dopamine supports memory performance (especially ultra-short-term memory) and processing of learned material
- zinc enhances glycine response (glycine = inhibitory neurotransmitter) and is involved in redox and immune control
- (Omega 3) fatty acids are important structural components of the nervous system. They are important for the function of the dopaminergic system, for intracellular signaling systems, for synapse formation and dendritic branches for inflammation control.They support therapy for ADHD and similar.
Phytotherapeutics influence serotonin metabolism and interact with serotonin receptors, e.g.:
- ginseng
- Rhodiola rosea (e.g. rosarin, rosavin)
- ginger (gingerols)
- St. John's wort (hyperforin)
- sage (Tujon)
- Passionflower (e.g. chrysin and sclerotid)
- African black bean (e.g. 5 HTP, lectins, alkaloids)
Ideal complement to orthomolecular medicine, especially since their effect is also based on micronutrients (e.g. secondary plant substances, vitamins, minerals).
recipe examples
Depression:
| substance | dosage | comments |
| SAM | 400-800 mg | |
| tryptophan | 0.5-3 g | |
| folic acid | 500 mcg | improves the effect of fluoxetine |
| Omega 3 fatty acids | 1-6 g | also improves the effect of antidepressants |
| melatonin | 0.3-3 mg | |
| zinc | 25 mg | |
| vitamin B6 | 50 mg | improves serotonin supply, |
| vitamin B1 | 100 mg | Deficiency increases lactic acid levels in the brain |
| vitamin B2 | 200 mg | is important for glutathione supply |
| vitamin B12 | 5-15 mcg | |
| calcium | 800 mg | Particularly important for seasonal depression |
| vitamin D | According to Spiegel | Particularly important for seasonal depression |
| magnesium | 400 mg | Deficiency often as a result of stress (increases depression) |
| iron | 30 mg | Iron deficiency often leads to depression |
| phenylalanine | 1-2 g | precursor of noradrenaline (NA improves mood) |
ADHD:
| substance | dosage | comments |
| zinc | 20-30 mg | Lack of essential fatty acids has a negative impact on mental development |
Autism:
| active ingredients | dosage |
| vitamin C | 3 x 500-1000 mg |
- Optimize your diet (less sugar, alcohol, coffee, meat, fast food)
- optimize acid-base balance
- Vitamin B6, zinc and manganese (after testing for zinc and manganese and possibly cryptopyrrole)
Possible control (and treatment) of:
- Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress
- intestinal function, histamine, gluten and casein intolerance
- pollution and detoxification performance
- Vitamin D (rule out deficiency)
- neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
Borderline:
| active ingredients | dosage |
| vitamin C | 3x 500-1000 mg |